What is "orders of magnitude"

n. (order of magnitude English)

The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths.

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In the context of time, an order of magnitude is a description of the quantity of a time in respect to comparison between differing magnitudes. In common usage, the scale is usually the base or base exponent being applied to an amount, making the order of magnitude 10 times greater or smaller. As the differences are measured in factors of 10, a logarithmic scale is applied. In terms of time, the relationship between the smallest limit of time, the Planck time, and the next order of magnitude larger is 10.

This page is a progressive and labelled list of the SI area orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects.

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10  kg and 10 kg.

The table lists various objects and units by the order of magnitude of their volume.

This page lists examples of the power in watts produced by various sources of energy. They are grouped by orders of magnitude, and each section covers three orders of magnitude, or a factor of one thousand.

This page is a progressive list of currency orders of magnitude, with examples.

An order of magnitude is a factor of ten. A quantity growing by four orders of magnitude implies it has grown by a factor of 10,000 or 10.

This article presents a list of multiples, sorted by orders of magnitude, for digital information storage measured in bits. This article assumes a descriptive attitude towards terminology, reflecting general usage. The article assumes the following:

• For the purpose of this article, a group of 8 bits may constitute one byte, a group of 4 bits is assumed to be one nibble. Historically, both assumption have not always been true.
• The byte is the most common unit of measurement of information ( kilobyte, kibibyte, megabyte, mebibyte, gigabyte, gibibyte, terabyte, tebibyte, etc.).
• In 16-bit and 32-bit architectures, having processor registers of these sizes, that chunk of data is usually called a word.
• The decimal SI prefixes kilo, mega, giga, tera, etc., are powers of 10. The binary prefixes kibi, mebi, gibi, tebi, etc. respectively refer to similar multiples.

Accordingly:

• 1 kB (kilobyte) = 10 bytes = 1,000 bytes = 8,000 bits
• 1 KiB (kibibyte) = 2 bytes = 1,024 bytes = 8,192 bits

Orders of magnitude (data)

colspan=2 | Binary
[bits]

colspan=2 | Decimal

rowspan=2 | Item

Factor

Term

Factor

2

bit

10

2

2

nibble

2

byte

10

2

2

2

10

2

2

2

10

2

kibibit

2

2

2

kibibyte

10

2

2

2

10

2

2

2

10

2

mebibit

2

2

2

mebibyte

10

2

2

2

10

2

2

2

10

2

gibibit

2

2

2

gibibyte

10

2

2

2

10

2

2

2

10

2

tebibit

2

2

2

tebibyte

10

2

2

2

10

2

2

2

10

2

pebibit

2

2

2

pebibyte

10

2

2

2

10

2

2

2

10

2

exbibit

2

2

2

exbibyte

10

2

2

2

10

2

2

2

10

2

zebibit

2

2

2

zebibyte

10

2

10

2

10

2

yobibit

2

yobibyte

10

Beyond standardized SI / IEC ( binary) prefixes

2

N/A

10

2

10

2

10

2

10

2

10

2

10

2

10

Note: this page mixes between two kinds of entropies:

1. Entropy (information theory), such as the amount of information that can be stored in DNA
2. Entropy (thermodynamics), such as entropy increase of 1 mole of water

These two definitions are not entirely equivalent, see Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory.

For comparison, the Avogadro constant is entities per mole, based upon the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 isotope.

In 2012, some hard disks used ~984,573 atoms to store each bit. In January 2012, IBM researchers announced they compressed 1 bit in 12 atoms using antiferromagnetism and a scanning tunneling microscope with iron and copper atoms. This could mean a practical jump from a disk to a disk.

This list compares various energies in joules (J), organized by order of magnitude.

This is a table of specific energy by magnitude. Unless otherwise noted, these values assume standard ambient temperature and pressure.

List of orders of magnitude for specific energy

Order of magnitude
J/( kg)

Specific energy

Storage method

10

1

Gravitational potential energy stored by raising any material by 1 meter (near the Earth's surface)

10

2.8

Day laborer (for that day)

4

Heel-strike generator using electrostrictive polymers

10

10

10

2.16

NiMH rechargeable batteries

6.12

Lead acid car batteries

6.3

Li-ion watch batteries

10

1.6

Wood fuel

1.7

Protein (about 4 nutritional calories per gram)

Carbohydrates (about 4 nutritional calories per gram)

2.5

Ethanol

2.9

Alcohol (about '''7 ''' nutritional calories per gram)

3.8

Fat (about 9 nutritional calories per gram)

4.4

Petrol (gasoline)

10

1.2

Hydrogen

10

8.6

Nuclear fission: natural uranium in fast breeder reactor

10

5.76

Nuclear fusion: deuterium-tritium

10

~8.9876

Matter-antimatter annihilation: indeterminate matter and antimatter

This page lists examples of magnetic induction B in teslas and gauss produced by various sources, grouped by orders of magnitude.

Note:

• Traditionally, magnetizing field H, is measured in amperes per meter.
• Magnetic induction B (also known as magnetic flux density) has the SI unit tesla [T or Wb/m].
• One tesla is equal to 10 gauss.
• Magnetic field drops off as the cube of the distance from a dipole source.

This page is a progressive and labeled list of the SI charge orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects.

List of orders of magnitude for electric charge

Factor
[Coulomb]

SI prefix

Value

Item

10

zepto- (zC)

10

(−1/3 e)—Charge of down, strange and bottom quarks

rowspan=2| 10

rowspan=2|

(2/3 e)—Charge of up, charm and top quarks

The elementary charge e, i.e. the negative charge on a single electron or the positive charge on a single proton

10

atto- (aC)

1.9×10 C

Planck charge

10

1.473×10 C

(92 e) - Positive charge on a uranium nucleus

10

femto- (fC)

1×10 C

Charge on a typical dust particle

10

pico- (pC)

1×10 C

Charge in typical microwave frequency capacitors

10

nano- (nC)

1×10 C

Charge in typical radio frequency capacitors

rowspan=2| 10

rowspan=2| micro- (µC)

1×10 C

Charge in typical audio frequency capacitors

~1×10 C

Static electricity from rubbing materials together

10

milli- (mC)

1×10 C

Charge in typical power supply capacitors

10

C

1×10 C

Two negative point charges of , placed one meter apart, would experience a repulsive force of

10

deca- (daC)

2.6×10 C

Charge in a typical thundercloud

10

kilo- (kC)

5×10 C

Typical alkaline AA battery is about 5000 C ≈ 1.4 A⋅h

10

9.64×10 C

Charge on one mole of electrons ( Faraday constant)

10

2.16×10 C

Car battery charge

10

mega- (MC)

10

1.07×10 C

Charge needed to produce 1 kg of aluminium from bauxite in an electrolytic cell

10

5.9×10 C

Charge in world's largest battery bank (36 MWh), assuming 220VAC output

Since weight under gravity is a force, several of these examples refer to the weight of various objects. Unless otherwise stated, these are weights under average Earth gravity at sea level.

Recognized effects of higher acute radiation doses are described in more detail in the article on radiation poisoning. Although the International System of Units (SI) defines the sievert (Sv) as the unit of radiation dose equivalent, chronic radiation levels and standards are still often given in unts of millirems (mrem), where 1 mrem equals 1/1000 of a rem and 1 mrem equals 0.01 mSv. Light radiation sickness begins at about 50–100 rad (0.5–1 gray (Gy), 0.5–1 Sv, 50–100 rem, 50,000–100,000 mrem).

The following table includes some dosages for comparison purposes, using millisieverts (mSv) (one thousandth of a sievert). The concept of radiation hormesis is relevant to this table – radiation hormesis is a hypothesis stating that the effects of a given acute dose may differ from the effects of an equal fractionated dose. Thus 100 mSv is considered twice in the table below – once as received over a 5-year period, and once as an acute dose, received over a short period of time, with differing predicted effects. The table describes doses and their official limits, rather than effects.

Level ( mSv)

Duration

Hourly equivalent (μSv/hour)

Description

0.001

Hourly

1

Cosmic ray dose rate on commercial flights varies from 1 to 10 μSv/hour, depending on altitude, position and solar sunspot phase.

0.01

Daily

0.4

Natural background radiation, including radon

0.06

Acute

-

Chest X-ray (AP+Lat)

0.07

Acute

-

Transatlantic airplane flight.1

0.09

Acute

-

Dental X-ray (Panoramic)

0.1

Annual

0.011

Average USA dose from consumer products

0.15

Annual

0.017

USA EPA cleanup standard

0.25

Annual

0.028

USA NRC cleanup standard for individual sites/sources

0.27

Annual

0.031

Yearly dose from natural cosmic radiation at sea level (0.5 in Denver due to altitude)

0.28

Annual

0.032

USA yearly dose from natural terrestrial radiation (0.16-0.63 depending on soil composition)

0.46

Acute

-

Estimated largest off-site dose possible from March 28, 1979 Three Mile Island accident

0.48

Day

20

USA NRC public area exposure limit

0.66

Annual

0.075

Average USA dose from human-made sources

0.7

Acute

-

Mammogram

1

Annual

0.11

Limit of dose from man-made sources to a member of the public who is not a radiation worker in the USA and Canada

1.1

Annual

0.13

1980 average USA radiation worker occupational dose

1.2

Acute

-

Abdominal X-ray

2

Annual

0.23

USA average medical and natural background 2
Human internal radiation due to radon, varies with radon levels

2

Acute

-

Head CT

3

Annual

0.34

USA average dose from all natural sources

3.66

Annual

0.42

USA average from all sources, including medical diagnostic radiation doses

4

Duration of the pregnancy

0.6

Canada CNSC maximum occupational dose to a pregnant woman who is a designated Nuclear Energy Worker.

5

Annual

0.57

USA NRC occupational limit for minors (10% of adult limit)
USA NRC limit for visitors

5

Pregnancy

0.77

USA NRC occupational limit for pregnant women

6.4

Annual

0.73

High Background Radiation Area (HBRA) of Yangjiang, China

7.6

Annual

0.87

Fountainhead Rock Place, Santa Fe, NM natural

8

Acute

-

Chest CT

10

Acute

-

Lower dose level for public calculated from the 1 to 5 rem range for which USA EPA guidelines mandate emergency action when resulting from a nuclear accident
Abdominal CT

14

Acute

-

F FDG PET scan, Whole Body

50

Annual

5.7

USA NRC/ Canada CNSC occupational limit for designated Nuclear Energy Workers(10 CFR 20)

100

5 years

2.3

Canada CNSC occupational limit over a 5-year dosimetry period for designated Nuclear Energy Workers

100

Acute

-

USA EPA acute dose level estimated to increase cancer risk 0.8%

120

30 years

0.46

Exposure, long duration, Ural mountains, lower limit, lower cancer mortality rate

150

Annual

17

USA NRC occupational eye lens exposure limit

175

Annual

20

Guarapari, Brazil natural radiation sources

250

2 hours

125 000

(125 mSv/hour) Whole body dose exclusion zone criteria for US nuclear reactor siting (converted from 25 rem)

250

Acute

-

USA EPA voluntary maximum dose for emergency non-life-saving work

260

Annual

30

Calculated from 260 mGy per year peak natural background dose in Ramsar

400-900

Annual

46-103

Unshielded in interplanetary space.

500

Annual

57

USA NRC occupational whole skin, limb skin, or single organ exposure limit

500

Acute

-

Canada CNSC occupational limit for designated Nuclear Energy Workers carrying out urgent and necessary work during an emergency.
Low-level radiation sickness due to short-term exposure

750

Acute

-

USA EPA voluntary maximum dose for emergency life-saving work

1000

Hourly

1 000 000

(1000 mSv/hour) level reported during Fukushima I nuclear accidents, in immediate vicinity of reactor

3000

Acute

-

Thyroid dose (due to iodine absorption) exclusion zone criteria for US nuclear reactor siting (converted from 300 rem)

4800

Acute

-

(actually LD) in humans from radiation poisoning with medical treatment estimated from 480 to 540 rem.

5000

Acute

-

Calculated from the estimated 510 rem dose fatally received by Harry Daghlian on 1945 August 21 at Los Alamos and lower estimate for fatality of Russian specialist on 1968 April 5 at Chelyabinsk-70.

5000

. Most commercial electronics can survive this radiation level.

20 000

Acute

Interplanetary exposure to solar particle event (SPE) of October 1989.

Acute

-

Calculated from the estimated 2100 rem dose fatally received by Louis Slotin on 1946 May 21 at Los Alamos and lower estimate for fatality of Russian specialist on 1968 April 5 Chelyabinsk-70.

Acute

-

Roughly calculated from the estimated 4500 + 350 rad dose for fatality of Russian experimenter on 1997 June 17 at Sarov.

Acute

-

Roughly calculated from the estimated 6000 rem doses for several Russian fatalities from 1958 onwards, such as on 1971 May 26 at the Kurchatov Institute. Lower estimate for a Los Alamos fatality in 1958 December 30.

Acute

-

Roughly calculated from the estimated 10000 rad dose for fatality at the United Nuclear Fuels Recovery Plant on 1964 July 24.

170 000

For over 1100 hours (170 mSv) Some Chernobyl emergency workers' doses

The most radiation-hardened electronics can survive this radiation level.

This page lists examples of the acceleration occurring in various situations. They are grouped by orders of magnitude.

Factor
[ m/s²]

Multiple

Reference frame

Value

align=right| [ g]

Item

rowspan=6 | 10

rowspan=6 |

inertial

0 m/s²

0 g

The gyro rotors in Gravity Probe B and the free-floating
proof masses in the TRIAD I navigation satellite

inertial

≈ 0 m/s²

≈ 0 g

Weightless parabola in a reduced-gravity aircraft

lab

0.25 m/s²

0.026 g

Train acceleration for SJ X2

inertial

1.62 m/s²

0.1652 g

Standing on the Moon at its equator

lab

4.3 m/s²

0.44 g

Car acceleration 0–100 km/h in 6.4 s with a Saab 9-5 Hirsch

inertial

align=right|

align=right| 1 g

Standard gravity, the gravity acceleration on Earth at sea level standard

rowspan=16 | 10

rowspan=16 |
(da) m/s²

inertial

11.2 m/s²

1.14 g

Saturn V moon rocket just after launch

inertial

15.2 m/s²

1.55 g

Bugatti Veyron from 0 to in (the net acceleration vector including gravitational acceleration is directed 40 degrees from horizontal)

inertial

29 m/s²

3 g

Space Shuttle, maximum during launch and reentry

inertial

align=right|

align=right| 3 g

Sustainable for > 25 seconds, for a human

inertial

g

High-G roller coasters

lab?

41 m/s²

4.2 g

Top Fuel drag racing world record of 4.4 s over 1/4 mile

inertial

align=right|

align=right| 5 g

Causes disorientation, dizziness and fainting in humans

lab?

49+ m/s²

5+ g

Formula One car, maximum under heavy braking

inertial?

51 m/s²

5.2 g

Luge, maximum expected at the Whistler Sliding Centre

lab

Formula One car, peak lateral in turns

inertial

59 m/s²

6 g

Parachutist peak during normal opening of parachute

inertial

m/s²

Standard, full aerobatics certified glider

inertial

70.6 m/s²

7.19 g

Apollo 16 on reentry

inertial

79 m/s²

8 g

F-16 aircraft pulling out of dive

inertial

align=right|

align=right| 9 g

Maximum for a fit, trained person with G-suit to keep consciousness, avoiding G-LOC

inertial

Typical maximum turn acceleration in an aerobatic plane or fighter jet

rowspan=10 | 10

rowspan=10 |
(h) m/s²

rowspan=10 | inertial

147 m/s²

15 g

Explosive seat ejection from aircraft

align=right|

align=right| 18 g

Physical damage in humans like broken capillaries

align=right|

align=right| 21.3 g

Peak acceleration experienced by cosmonauts during the Soyuz 18a abort

align=right|

align=right| 34 g

Peak deceleration of the Stardust Sample Return Capsule on reentry to Earth

46.2 g

Maximum acceleration a human has survived on a rocket sled

> 50 g

Death or serious injury likely

982 m/s²

100 g

Sprint missile

982 m/s²

100 g

Automobile crash (100 km/h into wall)

Brief human exposure survived in crash

align=right|

align=right| 100 g

Deadly limit for most humans

rowspan=5 | 10

rowspan=5 |
(k) m/s²

rowspan=5 | inertial
≈ lab

align=right|

align=right| 157 g

Peak acceleration of fastest rocket sled run

1964 m/s²

200 g

3.5" hard disc non-operating shock tolerance for 2 ms, weight 0.6 kg

2946 m/s²

300 g

Soccer ball struck by foot

3200 m/s²

320 g

A jumping human flea

3800 m/s²

380 g

A jumping click beetle

rowspan=5 | 10

rowspan=5 |
(k) m/s²

rowspan=5 |

Deceleration of the head of a woodpecker

Space gun with a barrel length of and a muzzle velocity of ,
as proposed by Quicklaunch (assuming constant acceleration)

29460 m/s²

3000 g

Baseball struck by bat

Shock capability of mechanical wrist watches

Current Formula One engines, maximum piston acceleration

rowspan=4 | 10

rowspan=4 |
(k) m/s²

rowspan=4 |

A mantis shrimp punch

Rating of electronics built into military artillery shells

Spore acceleration of the Pilobolus fungi

9×19mm Parabellum handgun bullet (average along the length of the barrel)

rowspan=4 | 10

rowspan=4 |
(M) m/s²

rowspan=4 |

Closing jaws of a trap-jaw ant

9×19mm Parabellum handgun bullet, peak

Ultracentrifuge

Surface gravity of white dwarf Sirius B

rowspan=1 | 10

rowspan=1 |
(M) m/s²

rowspan=1 |

Jellyfish stinger

rowspan=1 | 10

rowspan=1 |
(G) m/s²

rowspan=1 |

Mean acceleration of a proton in the Large Hadron Collider

rowspan=2 | 10

rowspan=2 |
(T) m/s²

rowspan=2 |

7 m/s²

7 g

Max surface gravity of a neutron star

8.8 m/s²

9 g

Protons in Fermilab accelerator

rowspan=1 | 10

rowspan=1 |
(Z) m/s²

rowspan=1 |

Acceleration from a Wakefield plasma accelerator

rowspan=1 | 10

rowspan=1 |

rowspan=1 |

g

Planck acceleration

List of orders of magnitude for density less than

Factor

Multiple

Value

Item

10

1 yg/m

1 × 10 kg/m

Very approximate density of the universe

10

10

10

1 zg/m

10

10

100 zg/m

1 × 10 kg/m

Probable lowest observed density of space in galactic spiral arm (1 hydrogen atom every 16 cubic centimeters)

10

1 ag/m

10

10

10

1 fg/m

1 × 10 kg/m

Observed density of space in core of galaxy (600 hydrogen atoms in every cubic centimetre)

Best vacuum from a laboratory (1 pPa)

10

10

10

1 pg/m

10

2.0 × 10 kg/m

(2.0 × 10 g/cm) density of Sun's corona

10

1.0 × 10 kg/m

(1.0 × 10 g/cm) density at top of solar transition region

10

1 ng/m

10

1.0 × 10 kg/m

(1.0 × 10 g/cm) density at bottom of solar transition region

10

10

1 μg/m

10

10

10

1 mg/m

10

1.34 × 10 kg/m

Earth atmosphere at 82 kilometre altitude;
star Mu Cephei's approximate mean density

10

0.1 g/m

1.09 × 10 kg/m

Earth atmosphere at 68 kilometre altitude

2.0 × 10 kg/m

(2.0 × 10 g⋅cm) Density of Solar photosphere– chromosphere boundary

4.0 × 10 kg/m

(4.0 × 10 g⋅cm) Density of Solar photosphere's lower boundary

10

1 g/m

1 × 10 kg/m

Vacuum from a mechanical vacuum pump;
density of Sun just below its photosphere

10

10 g/m

1.8 × 10 kg/m

Earth atmosphere at 30 kilometre altitude

9 × 10 kg/m

Hydrogen gas, the least dense substance at STP

10

100 g/m

1.6 × 10 kg/m

Earth atmosphere at 16 kilometre altitude

List of orders of magnitude for density 1 kg/m and greater

Factor

Multiple

Value

Item

10

1 kg/m

0.9 kg/m = 0.0009 g/cm

Ultralight metallic microlattice.

1.1 kg/m = 0.0011 g/cm

Lowest density achieved for aerogel

=

Earth atmosphere at sea level

10

10 kg/m

10 kg/m = 0.01 g/cm

Lowest density of typical aerogel

65 kg/m = 0.065 g/cm

Atmosphere of Venus at surface

10

100 kg/m

500 kg/m = 0.5 g/cm

Highest density of typical aerogel

=

Lithium at near room temperature

10

1 Mg/m
1 t/m

= 1 g/cm

Liquid water at 4 °C

1030 kg/m = 1.030 g/cm

Average density of liquid milk at 20 °C

1062 kg/m = 1.062 g/cm

Average human body density

1408 kg/m = 1.408 g/cm

Average density of the Sun

5515 kg/m = 5.515 g/cm

Average density of the Earth

10

10,000 kg/m

10,490 kg/m = 10.49 g/cm

Silver (Ag)

11,340 kg/m = 11.34 g/cm

Lead (Pb)

13,534 kg/m = 13.534 g/cm

Mercury (Hg)

19,100 kg/m = 19.1 g/cm

Uranium (U)

19,250 kg/m = 19.25 g/cm

Tungsten (W)

19,300 kg/m = 19.3 g/cm

Gold (Au)

21,450 kg/m = 21.45 g/cm

Platinum (Pt)

22,560 kg/m = 22.56 g/cm

Iridium (Ir)

22,590 kg/m = 22.59 g/cm

Osmium (Os), the densest known substance at STP

41,000 kg/m = 41 g/cm

Hassium (Hs), estimated density, assuming that an isotope featuring a long half-life exists

10

150,000 kg/m = 150 g/cm

Core of the Sun

10

1 Gg/m

10

10

10

1 Tg/m

White dwarf

10

10

10

1 Pg/m

10

2 × 10 kg/m

Universe at end of the electroweak epoch (approximately)

10

10

1 Eg/m

10

10

2 × 10 kg/m

Atomic nuclei and neutron stars

10

1 Zg/m

10

10

10

1 Yg/m

10

10

10 kg/m

Density of a hypothetical preon star

...

...

...

...

10

5.1 × 10 kg/m

Planck density ( Planck star)

∞

∞ kg/m

Density of a black hole at singularity

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various speed levels between approximately 2.2 m/s and 3.0 m/s. Values in bold are exact.

This is a tabulated listing of the orders of magnitude in relation to pressure expressed in pascals.

Magnitude

Pressure

lbf/in or dB

Item

10 Pa

10 aPa

Pressure in outer space in intergalactic voids (the lowest pressure ever measured)

10 Pa

1–10 fPa

Pressure in outer space between stars in the Milky Way

10 Pa

1 pPa

Lowest pressure obtained in laboratory conditions

rowspan=2 | 10 Pa

40 pPa

Atmosphere of the Moon at lunar day, very approximately

rowspan=2 | 10 Pa

100 pPa

Atmosphere of Mercury, very approximately

800 pPa

Atmosphere of the Moon at lunar night, very approximately

rowspan=2| 10 Pa

< 1 nPa

Vacuum expected in the beam pipe of the Large Hadron Collider's Atlas experiment

~1 nPa

Approximate solar wind pressure at Earth's distance from the Sun (variable)

rowspan=2| 10 Pa

10 nPa

Pressure inside a vacuum chamber for laser cooling of atoms ( magneto-optical trap)

10–700 nPa

Atmospheric pressure in low Earth orbit

| 10 Pa

100 nPa

Highest pressure still considered ultra-high vacuum

rowspan=2 | 10 Pa

1 µPa

Reference pressure for sound in water

1 µPa

Pressure inside a vacuum tube (very approximate)

rowspan=3 | 10 Pa

10 µPa

Radiation pressure of sunlight on a perfectly reflecting surface at the distance of the Earth.

20 µPa

0 dB

Reference pressure for sound in air

±20 µPa

0 dB

Threshold of human hearing

rowspan=1| 10 Pa

10 Pa

1–100 mPa

Vacuum pressures used for molecular distillation

10 Pa

rowspan=2|10 Pa

100 mPa

Upper limit of high vacuum

~200 mPa

Atmospheric pressure on Pluto (1988 figure; very roughly)

rowspan=2| 1 Pa

1 Pa

Pressure exerted by a US dollar bill resting flat on a surface

1 Pa

Upper limit of molecular distillation, where the mean free path of molecules is larger than the equipment size

rowspan=3 | 10 Pa

10 Pa

Pressure increase per millimeter of a water column at Earth mean sea level

10 Pa

Pressure due to direct impact of a gentle breeze (~)

86 Pa

Pressure from the weight of a U.S. penny lying flat

rowspan=7 | 10 Pa

100 Pa

Pressure due to direct impact of a strong breeze (~)

120 Pa

Pressure from the weight of a U.S. quarter lying flat

133 Pa

1 torr ≈ 1 mmHg

±200 Pa

~130 dB

Threshold of pain pressure level for sound. Prolonged exposure may lead to hearing loss.

±300 Pa

±0.043 psi

Lung air pressure difference moving the normal breaths of a person (only 0.3% of standard atmospheric pressure)

400–900 Pa

0.06–0.13 psi

Atmospheric pressure on Mars, < 1% of atmospheric sea-level pressure on Earth

610 Pa

0.089 psi

Partial vapour pressure at the triple point of water (611.657 Pa).

rowspan=6 | 10 Pa

1–10 kPa

Typical explosion peak overpressure needed to break glass windows (approximate)

2 kPa

Pressure of popping popcorn (very approximate)

2.6 kPa

0.38 psi

Pressure to make water boil at room temperature (22 °C) (20 mmHg)

5 kPa

0.8 psi

Blood pressure fluctuation (40 mmHg) between heartbeats for a typical healthy adult

6.3 kPa

0.9 psi

Pressure where water boils at normal human body temperature (37 °C), the pressure below which humans absolutely cannot survive ( Armstrong limit).

+9.8 kPa

+1.4 psi

Lung pressure that a typical person can exert (74 mmHg)

rowspan=12 | 10 Pa

10 kPa

1.5 psi

Pressure increase per meter of a water column

10 kPa

1.5 psi

Decrease in air pressure when going from Earth sea level to 1000 m elevation

+13 kPa

+1.9 psi

High air pressure for human lung, measured for trumpet player making staccato high notes

< +16 kPa

+2.3 psi

Systolic blood pressure in a healthy adult while at rest (< 120 mmHg) ( gauge pressure)

+19.3 kPa

+2.8 psi

High end of lung pressure, exertable without injury by a healthy person for brief times

+34 kPa

+5 psi

Level of long-duration blast overpressure (from a large-scale explosion) that would cause most buildings to collapse

52 kPa

Minimum humans can handle without supplemental oxygen.

+70 kPa

+10 psi

Pressure for paint exiting an HVLP (low-pressure) paint spray gun

70 kPa

Pressure inside an incandescent light bulb

75 kPa

Minimum airplane cabin pressure and lowest pressure for normal breathing (at Also the limit stated by the Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR).

80 kPa

12 psi

Pressure inside vacuum cleaner at sea level on Earth (80% of standard atmospheric pressure)

87 kPa

13 psi

Record low atmospheric pressure for typhoon/ hurricane ( Typhoon Tip in 1979) (only 86% of standard atmospheric pressure)

rowspan=11 | 10 Pa

100 kPa

15 psi

1 bar (14.5 psi), approximately equal to the weight of one kilogram (1 kilopond) acting on one square centimeter

101 kPa

15 psi

Standard atmospheric pressure for Earth sea level (14.7 psi)

25 to > 80 psi

Impact pressure of a fist punch (approximate)

+26 to +36 psi

Air pressure in an automobile tire relative to atmosphere ( gauge pressure)

+30 to +130 psi

Air pressure in a bicycle tire relative to atmosphere ( gauge pressure)

50 psi

Water pressure of a garden hose

300 to 700 kPa

50–100 psi

Typical water pressure of a municipal water supply in the US

400 to 600 kPa

60–90 psi

Carbon dioxide pressure in a champagne bottle

Partial vapour pressure at the triple point of carbon dioxide

+690 to +830 kPa

+100 to +120 psi

Air pressure in a heavy truck/bus tire relative to atmosphere ( gauge pressure)

800 kPa

Vapor pressure of water in a kernel of popcorn when the kernel ruptures

rowspan=7 | 10 Pa

0.8–2 MPa

120–290 psi

Pressure used in boilers of steam locomotives

162 psi

Pressure of an average human bite

2.8–8.3 MPa

400–1200 psi

Pressure of carbon dioxide propellant in a paintball gun

700 psi

Water pressure of the output of a coin-operated car wash spray nozzle

5 MPa

700 psi

Military submarine max. rated pressure (est.) of Seawolf-class nuclear submarine, at depth of

6.9–27 MPa

1000–4000 psi

Water spray pressure used by pressure washers

9.2 MPa

1300 psi

Atmosphere of Venus (92 bar)

rowspan=8 | 10 Pa

> 10 MPa

> 1500 psi

Pressure exerted by a woman wearing stiletto heels when a heel hits the floor

15 MPa

2200 psi

Power stroke maximum pressure in diesel truck engine when burning fuel

20 MPa

2900 psi

Typical pressure used for hydrogenolysis reactions

21 MPa

3000 psi

Pressure of a typical aluminium scuba tank of pressurized air (210 bar)

21 MPa

3000 psi

Ballistic pressure exerted as high-power bullet strikes a solid bulletproof object

28 MPa

Overpressure caused by the bomb explosion during the Oklahoma City bombing

69 MPa

10000 psi

Water pressure withstood by the DSV Shinkai 6500 in visiting ocean depths of > 6500 meters

70 to 280 MPa

10000 to 40000 psi

Maximal chamber pressure during a pistol firing

rowspan=4 | 10 Pa

110 MPa

16000 psi

Pressure at bottom of Mariana Trench, about 11 km below ocean surface (1100 bar)

100 to 300 MPa

Pressure inside reactor for the synthesis of high-pressure polyethylene (HPPE)

400 MPa

Chamber pressure of late 1910s .50 Browning machine gun discharge

35000–90000 psi

Water pressure used in a water jet cutter

rowspan=4 | 10 Pa

1 GPa

Extremely high-pressure chemical reactors (10 kbar)

1.5 GPa

Diamond melts using a laser without turning into graphite first.

1.5 GPa

tensile strength of Inconel 625 according to Aircraft metal strength tables and the Mil-Hdbk-5

5.8 GPa

Ultimate tensile strength of the polymer Zylon

rowspan=7 | 10 Pa

10 GPa

Pressure at which octaoxygen forms at room temperature (100,000 bar)

18 GPa

Pressure needed for the first commercially successful synthesis of diamond

24 to 110 GPa

Stability range of enstatite in its perovskite-structured polymorph, possibly the most common mineral inside the Earth

40 GPa

Quantum-mechanical electron degeneracy pressure in a block of copper

48 GPa

Detonation pressure of pure CL-20, the most powerful high explosive in mass production.

10,000,000 psi

Highest water jet pressure attained in research lab

96 GPa

Pressure at which metallic oxygen forms (960,000 bar)

rowspan=4 | 10 Pa

100 GPa

Theoretical tensile strength of a carbon nanotube (CNT)

130 GPa

Ultimate tensile strength of monolayer graphene

360 GPa

Pressure inside the core of the Earth (3.64 million bar)

> 600 GPa

Pressure attainable with a diamond anvil cell

10 Pa

5 TPa

Pressure generated by the National Ignition Facility fusion reactor

10 Pa

10 Pa

540 TPa

Pressure inside an Ivy Mike-like nuclear bomb detonation (5.3 billion bar)

| 10 Pa

6.5 PPa

Pressure inside a W80 nuclear warhead detonation (64 billion bar)

rowspan=2| 10 Pa

25 PPa

Pressure inside the core of the Sun (250 billion bar){{cite web

57 PPa

Pressure inside a uranium nucleus (8 MeV in a sphere of radius 175 pm)

10 Pa

Pressure inside the core of a white dwarf at the Chandrasekhar limit

10 Pa

Pressure range inside a neutron star

10 Pa

The Planck pressure , not reached except shortly after the Big Bang or in a black hole

This page is a progressive and labeled list of the SI angular velocity orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects.

List of orders of magnitude for angular velocity

Factor ( rad·s)

Value ( rad·s)

Value (prefixHz)

Value ( rpm)

Item

10

7.96–8.85

127 aHz

7.61–8.45

Galactic period of the Sun

|10

7.73

1.23 pHz

2.05

Rate of Earth's axial precession and corresponding precession of the equinoxes.

|10

1.65

2.63 pHz

1.58

Sedna's average sidereal orbit rate

|10

8.03

127 pHz

7.66

Sidereal orbit rate of Pluto

10

1.21

192 pHz

1.15

Sidereal orbit rate of Neptune

10

1.68

2.2 nHz

1.6

Sidereal orbit rate of Jupiter

rowspan=2|10

1.06

16 nHz

1

Sidereal orbit rate of Mars

1.99

31.7 nHz

1.90

Sidereal orbit rate of the Earth around the Sun

10

2.66

424 nHz

2.54

Moon's sidereal orbit rate around the Earth

|10

7.27

11.6 µHz

6.94

Earth's sidereal rotation rate

rowspan=2|10

1.45

23.1 µHz

1.39

Hour hand on an analog clock

1.75

28 µHz

1.68

Jupiter's sidereal rotation rate

rowspan=2|10

1.75

278 µHz

0.0167

Minute hand on an analog clock

3.5

560 µHz

0.033

The London Eye giant Ferris wheel

10

10

1.05

16.7 mHz

1

Second hand on an analog clock

10

3.49

556 mHz

33⅓

LP record

6–1.3

1–2 Hz

60–120

Low-speed diesel engines (used in ships)

rowspan=4|10

1–3

2–5 Hz

100–300

Early diesel engines

2–5

3–8 Hz

200–500

Audio compact disc

4.7

7.5 Hz

450

Rotor blades of a helicopter in flight

9.4

15 Hz

900

Spin cycle of a typical washing machine

rowspan=7|10

1.0

16 Hz

960

The wheels of a typical automobile driving at

1.0–1.2

17–18 Hz

1000–1100

Barrel assembly of M61 Vulcan cannon

1.3

20 Hz

1200

High-speed diesel engines (lorries, yachts, generators, etc.)

2

30 Hz

2000

Engine speed of typical automobile traveling at

3.14

50 Hz

3000

Turbo generator in an electrical power plant for a 50 Hz grid

5.8–7.3

92–120 Hz

5500–7000

Redline of typical automobile engine

7.54

120 Hz

7200

Consumer hard disk

rowspan=6|10

1.01

161 Hz

9650

Pulsar PSR B1257+12

1.08

173 Hz

10,400

CD in 52× CD-ROM drive

1.6

270 Hz

16,200

Flagellar motor top speed under light load

2

300 Hz

18,000

Redline of a V8 Formula 1 race car (pre-2014)

4.50

716 Hz

43,000

Pulsar PSR J1748-2446ad (fastest known)

9.42

Zippe centrifuge

rowspan=3|10

1.4

2.2 kHz

130,000

Analytical ultracentrifuge

1.6

2.5 kHz

150,000

Turbocharger

8

10 kHz

800,000

Ultrasonic dental drill

10

order of 2

order of 30 kHz

order of 2,000,000

Microfabricated gas turbine{{cite journal

10

6.28 x 10

10 MHz

600,000,000

Man-made rotational speed record: a calcium carbonate sphere, only four millionths of a metre in diameter, levitated using a laser in a vacuum chamber and spun up to speed using circularly polarized light.

10

1.16545

1.85Hz

1.1

Planck angular frequency

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various voltage levels.

SI prefix

Factor ( volt)

Value

Item

rowspan=2| Micro-

10

0.5 µV

Change in nerve cell potential caused by opening a single acetylcholine receptor channel

rowspan=1|10

2 µV

Noise in an EEG taken at the scalp

rowspan=5| Milli-

rowspan=3|10

10–100 µV

Peak-to-peak amplitude of an average EEG taken at the scalp

15 µV

Minimum terrestrial digital-TV RF antenna signal (−85 dBm over )

56 µV

Minimum terrestrial analog-TV RF antenna signal (35 dB[µV])

10

0.5–1 mV

Miniature endplate potentials, spontaneous fluctuations in neuron potentials

10

1–2 mV

Potential created at ambient temperatures from K Type Thermocouple

rowspan=2| Centi-

rowspan=2|10

~10–50 mV

Ripple voltage in the output of a good DC power supply

75 mV

Nerve cell resting potential

rowspan=5| Deci-

rowspan=5|10

0.32 V

Typical voltage reference level in consumer audio electronics (0.316 V rms)

~0.5 V

Typical MOSFET threshold voltage for modern processes

~0.7 V

Forward voltage drop of normal silicon diodes

0.8–1.0 V

Typical positive supply voltage of a low voltage CMOS digital integrated circuit

0.9 V

Lemon battery cell (made with copper and zinc electrodes)

rowspan=5|N/A

rowspan=5|10

0-3 V

Magnitudes of standard reduction potentials in chemistry

1.5 V

Alkaline battery AA, AAA, C or D battery

3.3 V

One of the most common low voltage CMOS digital circuit supply voltages.

5 V

USB power, used for example to charge a cell phone or a digital camera. Also one of the most common digital circuit supply voltages for both TTL and CMOS technologies.

6 V

A common voltage for medium-size electric lanterns. A voltage for older electric systems of automobiles.

Deca-

10

12 V

Typical car battery

rowspan=3| Hecto-

rowspan=3|10

100–240 V

Domestic wall socket voltage

600 V

Electric eel sends this voltage in an average attack

630 V

London Underground railway tracks

rowspan=10| Kilo-

rowspan=5|10

2450 V

Electric chair execution in Nebraska

3–10 kV

Electric fence

3–35 kV

Accelerating voltage for a typical television cathode ray tube

3300 V

Common early urban distribution voltage for grid electricity in the UK (still used for many industrial overhead cable distribution systems)

Typical voltages in North America for distribution of power from distribution substations to end users

rowspan=3|10

15 kV

Train 15 kV AC railway electrification overhead lines, 16⅔ Hz

25 kV

European high-speed train overhead power lines

69–230 kV

Range used in North American power high-voltage transmission substations

rowspan=2|10

345–800 kV

Range used in EHV power transmission systems

800 kV

Lowest voltage used by ultra- high voltage (UHV) power transmission systems

rowspan=3| Mega-

10

3 MV

Used by the ultra-high voltage electron microscope at Osaka University

10

25.5 MV

The largest man-made voltage – produced in a Van de Graaff generator at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

10

100 MV

The potential difference between the ends of a typical lightning bolt

Peta-

10

7 PV

Voltage around a particular energetic highly magnetized rotating neutron star

N/A

10

1.04×10 V

Planck voltage

The following list shows different orders of magnitude of entropy.

Factor (J K)

Value

Item

10

9.5699 J K

Entropy equivalent of one bit of information, equal to k times ln(2)

10

1.381

Planck entropy

1

5.74 J K

Standard entropy of 1 mole of graphite

10

≈ 10 J K

Entropy of the Sun (given as ≈ 10 erg K in Bekenstein (1973))

10

1.5 × 10 J K

Entropy of a black hole of one solar mass (given as ≈ 10 erg K in Bekenstein (1973))

10

4.3 × 10 J K

One estimate of the theoretical maximum entropy of the universe

List of orders of magnitude for electrical resistance

Factor

Multiple

Value

Item

0

0 Ω

0 Ω

Resistance of a superconductor

10

10 nΩ

10 nΩ

10

10

Microohm μΩ

1.629 x 10

1 cm block of silver

10

10

10

Milliohm mΩ

10

Centiohm cΩ

10

Deciohm dΩ

2 dΩ

1 meter path in 35g/kg salinity seawater at 20°C

10

Ohm Ω

9.8 Ω

Circular mil-foot of silver

10

Decaohm daΩ

2.99792458 x 10 Ω

Planck impedance

10

Hectoohm hΩ

6.60 x 10 Ω

Circular mil-foot of Nichrome

10

Kilohm kΩ

± 1 x 10 Ω

Resistance of the human body through wet or broken skin

10

10

± 1 x 10 Ω

Resistance of the human body with dry skin

10

Megohm MΩ

10

10

10

Gigohm GΩ

10

10 gigohm GΩ

9.9 x 10 Ω

Highest resistor code on common circuits (white white white)

10

100 gigohm GΩ

10

Terohm TΩ

10

10 terohm TΩ

10

100 terohm TΩ

2 x 10 Ω

1 meter path through quartz, upper limit

10

Petohm PΩ

10

10 petohm PΩ

10

100 petohm PΩ

10

Exohm EΩ

10

10 exohm EΩ

2 x 10 Ω

1 meter path though sulphur at standard temperature and pressure

This page lists examples of capacitance. Grouped by orders of magnitude.

List of orders of magnitude for capacitance

Factor (Capacitance)

SI prefix

Value

Item

10

N/A

Planck capacitance

10

fF

Gate capacitance of a MOS transistor, per µm of gate width.

10

DRAM cell.

rowspan=2 | 10

rowspan=2 |

Small ceramic capacitor.

Pin to pin capacitance in a SSOP/TSSOP integrated circuit package.

rowspan=4 | 10

rowspan=4 | pF

Small mica and PTFE capacitor.

Solderless breadboard, between two adjacent 5-contact columns.

Capacitive sensing of air-water-snow-ice.

Low condenser microphone.

rowspan=4 | 10

rowspan=4 |

Typical 10× passive oscilloscope probe.

Variable capacitor

Yoga mat of TPE with relative permittivity of 4.5 and sandwiched between two electrodes.

1 m of Cat 5 network cable (between the two conductors of a twisted pair)

rowspan=4 | 10

rowspan=4 |

rowspan=3 |

Capacitance of the standard human body model.

1 m of 50 Ω coaxial cable (between the inner and outer conductors)

High condenser microphone.

Variable capacitor

10

nF

Typical leyden jar.

10

rowspan=2 | 10

rowspan=2 |

Small aluminium electrolytic capacitor.

Large mica and PTFE capacitor.

10

µF

10

10

Large ceramic capacitor.

10

mF

Small electric double layer supercapacitor.

10

10

rowspan=2 | 10

rowspan=2 | F

Earth– ionosphere capacitance.

Large aluminium electrolytic capacitor.

10

10

10

kF

Large electric double layer supercapacitor.

This page is a progressive and labeled list of the SI inductance orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects.

List of orders of magnitude for inductance

Factor
[ Henry]

SI prefix

Value

Item

rowspan=1| 10

rowspan=1| N/A

1.62×10 H

Planck inductance

rowspan=1| 10

rowspan=1| Pico- (pH)

90×10 H

Kinetic inductance (per square) of an MKID detector.

rowspan=2| 10

rowspan=2| Nano- (nH)

1×10 H

Thin film chip inductor with a typical power rating of . Range

One meter cat.5 cable pair.

rowspan=2| 10

rowspan=2| Micro- (µH)

One meter of single wire, less for larger diameter.

Coil with 99 turns, long with a diameter of

rowspan=1| 10

rowspan=1| Milli- (mH)

1×10 H

Coil long with a diameter of with capability. Used in kW amplifiers.

rowspan=2| 10

rowspan=2| (H)

1×10 H

Inductor a few cm long and a few cm in diameter and having many turns of wire on a ferrite core. Higher values than this is common only in audio and power supplies.

Mains electricity transformer primary at

rowspan=1| 10

rowspan=1| Kilo- (kH)

500 kV, 3000 MW power line transformer primary winding.

This page is a progressive and labeled list of probability in orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects.

List of orders of magnitude for probability

Factor

SI prefix

Value

Item

rowspan=3| 10

rowspan=3|

Probability per second of a SATA harddisk failure during an MTBF test

5.25×10

Caesium-137 Atom decay each second

Gaussian distribution: probability of a value being more than 6 standard deviations from the mean on a specific side

rowspan=1| 10

rowspan=1| Nano- (n)

3.9×10

Probability of an entry winning the jackpot in the Mega Millions multi-state lottery in the United States *

rowspan=3| 10

rowspan=3|

Death per aircraft journey

Gaussian distribution: probability of a value being more than 5 standard deviations from the mean on a specific side

Death per person per year by lightning strike in Germany (Europe){{cite web|title=Annual rates of lightning fatalities by country

url=http://www.vaisala.com/Vaisala%20Documents/Scientific%20papers/Annual_rates_of_lightning_fatalities_by_country.pdf

date=2010-08-12|accessdate=2013-09-10|page=7|publisher=Ronald L. Holle, Holle Meteorology & Photography - 2008}}

rowspan=1| 10

rowspan=1| Micro-

Life-threatening adverse reaction from a measles vaccine

rowspan=3| 10

rowspan=3|

Risk that the asteroid which is 450 meter wide will impact earth in 2032

Gaussian distribution: probability of a value being more than 4 standard deviations from the mean on a specific side

Probability of a deadly vehicle accident per person in Europe each year (not including Yugoslavia)

rowspan=1| 10

rowspan=1|

Asteroid 99942 Apophis impact in 2029 on earth

rowspan=2| 10

rowspan=2| Milli- (m)

Gaussian distribution: probability of a value being more than 3 standard deviations from the mean on a specific side

Probability of a human birth giving triplets or higher-order multiples

rowspan=2| 10

rowspan=2|

Gaussian distribution: probability of a value being more than 2 standard deviations from the mean on a specific side

Probability of a human birth giving twins

rowspan=4| 10

rowspan=4| Deci- (d)

1.04×10

Death per space shuttle journey

Gaussian distribution: probability of a value being more than 1 standard deviation from the mean on a specific side

Chance of rolling a '6' on a six-sided die

Chance of getting a 'head' in a coin toss

10

1×10

Almost sure

An order of magnitude is generally a factor of ten. A quantity growing by four orders of magnitude implies it has grown by a factor of 10000 or 10. However, because computers are binary, orders of magnitude are sometimes given as powers of two.

This article presents a list of multiples, sorted by orders of magnitude, for bit rates measured in bits per second. Since some bit rates may measured in other quantities of data or time (like MB/s), information to assist with converting to and from these formats is provided. This article assumes the following:

• A group of 8 bits (8 b) constitutes one byte (1 B). The byte is the most common unit of measurement of information ( megabyte, mebibyte, gigabyte, gibibyte, etc.).
• The decimal SI prefixes kilo, mega etc., are powers of 10. The power of two equivalents are the binary prefixes kibi, mebi, etc.

Accordingly:

• 1 kB ( kilobyte) = 1000 bytes = 8000 bits
• 1 KiB ( kibibyte) = 2 bytes = 1024 bytes = 8192 bits
• 1 kb ( kilobit) = 125 bytes = 1000 bits
• 1 Kib ( kibibit) = 2 bits = 1024 bits = 128 bytes

Factor ( bit/s)

SI prefix

Value

Field

Item |----

10

5.0×10 bit/s

Text data

Project ELF bit rate for transmitting 3-letter codes to US nuclear submarines {{cite journal

last = Heppenheimer

first = T. A.

authorlink =

coauthors =

title = Signaling Subs

journal = Popular Science

volume = 230

issue = 4

pages = 44–48

publisher = Times Mirror Magazines

location = New York

date = April 1987

url = http://books.google.com/books?id=IAEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44#v=onepage&q&f=false

issn =

doi =

id =

accessdate = February 17, 2012}} |----

10

bit/s

|----

rowspan=2 | 10

rowspan=2 |

5.0×10 bit/s

Positioning system

Bit rate for transmissions from GPS satellites |----

5.6×10 bit/s

Text data

Bit rate for a skilled operator in Morse code |----

10

kbit/s

4×10 bit/s

Audio data

Minimum achieved for encoding recognizable speech (using special-purpose speech codecs) |----

8×10 bit/s

Audio data

Low bit rate telephone quality |----

10

|----

3.2×10 bit/s

Audio data

MW quality and ADPCM voice in telephony, doubling the capacity of a 30 chan link to 60 ch.

5.6×10 bit/s

Networking

56kbit modem – 56 kbit/s – 56,000 bit/s |----

6.4×10 bit/s

Networking

64 kbit/s in an ISDN B channel or best quality, uncompressed telephone line. |----

rowspan=2 | 10

rowspan=2 |

1.28×10 bit/s

Audio data

128 kbit/s MP3 – 128,000 bit/s |----

1.92×10 bit/s

Audio data

Nearly CD quality for a file compressed in the MP3 format |----

rowspan=4 | 10

rowspan=4 | Mbit/s

1.4112×10 bit/s

Audio data

CD audio (uncompressed, 16 bit samples × 44.1 kHz × 2 channels) |----

1.536×10 bit/s

Networking

24 channels of telephone in the US, or a good VTC T1. |----

2×10 bit/s

Video data

30 channels of telephone audio or a Video Tele-Conference at VHS quality |----

8×10 bit/s

Video data

DVD quality |----

rowspan=3 | 10

rowspan=3 |

1×10 bit/s

Networking

Classic Ethernet: 10BASE2, 10BASE5, 10BASE-T |----

1×10 bit/s

Biology

Research suggests that the human retina transmits data to the brain at the rate of ca. 10 bit/sec |----

2.7×10 bit/s

Video data

HDTV quality |----

rowspan=4 |10

rowspan=4 |

1×10 bit/s

Networking

Fast Ethernet: 100BASE-TX |----

4.8×10 bit/s

Computer data interfaces

USB 2.0 High-Speed ( interface signalling rate) |----

7.86×10 bit/s

Computer data interfaces

FireWire IEEE 1394b-2002 S800 |----

9.5×10 bit/s

Computer storage

Harddrive read, Samsung SpinPoint F1 HD103Uj |----

1.0×10 bit/s

Computer data interfaces

USB 3.1 SuperSpeed 10 Gbit/s (interface signaling rate) |----

3.9813×10 bit/s

Networking

OC-768, a 39.813 Gbit/s SONET data channel, the fastest in current use |----

4.0×10 bit/s

Networking

40 Gigabit Ethernet |----

8×10 bit/s

Computer data interfaces

PCI Express x16 v2.0 (interface signaling rate) |----

9.6×10 bit/s

Computer data interfaces

InfiniBand 12X QDR |----

rowspan=2 | 10

rowspan=2 |

1.0×10 bit/s

Networking

100 Gigabit Ethernet |----

1.28×10 bit/s

Computer data interfaces

PCI Express x16 v3.0 (interface signaling rate) |----

rowspan=2 | 10

rowspan=2 | Tbit/s

1.28×10 bit/s

Networking

SEA-ME-WE 4 submarine communications cable – 1.28 terabits per second |----

3.84×10 bit/s

Networking

I-ME-WE submarine communications cable – design capacity of 3.84 terabits per second |----

10

2.45×10 bit/s

Networking

Projected average global internet traffic in 2015 according to Cisco's 2011 VNI IP traffic forecast |----

10

Pbit/s

1.050×10 bit/s

Networking

Data rate over a 14 transmission core optical fiber developed by NEC and Corning researchers. |----

This page lists examples of luminances, measured in candelas per square metre and grouped by order of magnitude.

Factor
( cd/m)

Multiple

Value

Item

10

µcd/m

1 µcd/m

Absolute threshold of vision

10

10

400 µcd/m

Darkest sky

rowspan=3 | 10

rowspan=3 | mcd/m

1 mcd/m

Night sky

1.4 mcd/m

Typical photographic scene lit by full moon

5 mcd/m

Approximate scotopic/ mesopic threshold

10

40 mcd/m

Phosphorescent markings on a watch dial after 1 h in the dark

10

rowspan=2 | 10

rowspan=2 | cd/m

2 cd/m

Floodlit buildings, monuments, and fountains

5 cd/m

Approximate mesopic/ photopic threshold

rowspan=4 | 10

rowspan=4 |

25 cd/m

Typical photographic scene at sunrise or sunset

30 cd/m

Green electroluminescent source

55 cd/m

Standard SMPTE cinema screen luminance

80 cd/m

Monitor white in the sRGB reference viewing environment

rowspan=2 | 10

rowspan=2 |

250 cd/m

Peak luminance of a typical LCD monitor

700 cd/m

Typical photographic scene on overcast day

rowspan=4 | 10

rowspan=4 | kcd/m

2 kcd/m

Average cloudy sky

2.5 kcd/m

Moon surface

5 kcd/m

Typical photographic scene in full sunlight

7 kcd/m

Average clear sky

rowspan=3 | 10

rowspan=3 |

10 kcd/m

White illuminated cloud

12 kcd/m

Fluorescent lamp

75 kcd/m

Low pressure sodium-vapor lamp

rowspan=2 | 10

rowspan=2 |

130 kcd/m

Frosted incandescent light bulb

600 kcd/m

Solar disk at horizon

10

Mcd/m

7 Mcd/m

Filament of a clear incandescent lamp

10

10

100 Mcd/m

Possible retinal damage

10

Gcd/m

1.6 Gcd/m

Solar disk at noon

This page is a progressive and labeled list of the SI dynamic viscosity orders of magnitude, with examples appended where possible.

Unless otherwise stated, all viscosities are measured at room temperature and pressure.

List of orders of magnitude for viscosity

Factor ( pascal- second (Pa·s) )

Value ( pascal- second (Pa·s) )

Material

rowspan=1| 10

8.8 × 10

Hydrogen

rowspan=2| 10

1.3 × 10

Steam (at 100 °C)

1.8 × 10

Air

rowspan=2| 10

3.2 × 10

Acetone

6 × 10

Gasoline

rowspan=5| 10

0.001

Water

0.0012

Ethanol

0.0016

Mercury

0.003

Milk

0.004

Blood

rowspan=4| 10

0.028

Linseed oil

0.072

Corn oil

0.084

Olive oil

0.085 to 0.14

SAE 10 Motor oil

rowspan=4| 10

0.1

Castor oil

0.14 to 0.42

SAE 20 Motor oil

0.42 to 0.65

SAE 30 Motor oil

0.65 to 0.90

SAE 40 Motor oil

rowspan=3| 10

1.5

Glycerine

2.5

Pancake syrup

5.0

Karo syrup

rowspan=4| 10

10

Honey

20

Treacle

50

Ketchup

70

Mustard

rowspan=2| 10

100

Sour Cream

250

Peanut Butter

rowspan=1| 10

1,000

Lard

rowspan=1| 10

10,000

Plate glass (at 900 °C)

rowspan=1| 10

100,000

Window putty

rowspan=1| 10

2.3x10

Pitch

rowspan=1| 10

2.5x10

Planck viscosity

Viscosity