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Crossword clues for study

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
study
I.noun
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
a close study
▪ Their research involved a close study of two communities.
a comprehensive study/survey/assessment
▪ The report includes a comprehensive study of the company’s training needs.
a qualitative analysis/study
▪ a qualitative study of educational services/qualitative research
a study bedroom (=for students, with a bed and a desk)
▪ In my first year at university I had a really tiny study bedroom.
academic study
▪ After academic study, you have to gain practical experience.
business studies (=a course of study about business)
▪ She did business studies at college.
business studies
careful analysis/examination/study etc
▪ careful analysis of the data
carry out a study
▪ He has carried out various studies into violent behaviour.
carry out a study
▪ He has carried out various studies into violent behaviour.
case study
conduct a study/review
▪ Scientists conducted a study of the area affected by the nuclear disaster.
consider/examine/study the evidence
▪ Having considered all the evidence, the court found him not guilty.
definitive study/work/guide etc
▪ the definitive study of Victorian railway stations
Director of Studies
evidence/results/data/studies etc suggest(s) that
▪ The evidence suggests that single fathers are more likely to work than single mothers.
examine/consider/study sth in detail
▪ He asked his lawyer to examine the contract in detail.
experimental work/studies
▪ experimental studies on birds and animals
film studies
▪ She’s studying for a diploma in film studies.
full-scale study/review etc
▪ The government will conduct a full-scale inquiry into the crash.
in-depth study/research/analysis etc
▪ an in-depth study of patients’ needs
laboratory tests/experiments/studies
liberal studies
longitudinal study/survey/research etc
▪ a longitudinal study of unemployed workers
media studies
object of study
▪ an object of study
perform an experiment/study etc
▪ Part of the Chemistry exam involves performing an experiment.
read/study the menu
▪ Sandy read the menu, but didn’t see anything he wanted to eat.
social studies
studies/evidence/research etc shows
▪ Several studies have shown that aggressive toys lead to bad behaviour.
study a map (=look carefully at a map)
▪ They studied the map before setting out.
study for an exam (also revise for an exam British English)
▪ She has to study for her exams.
study for an examination (also revise for an examination British English)
▪ I have been studying all week for the examination.
study hall
study leaveBritish English (= time that you are allowed away from work because you are taking a course)
▪ The company offers study leave for staff development.
study (sth) at a university
▪ She studied law at Edinburgh University.
study/examine the implications
▪ He has studied the implications of recent technical innovations.
superficial examination/study etc
▪ Even a superficial inspection revealed serious flaws.
time and motion study
training/study aids
▪ Receive free study aids when you enrol, including a copy of The IDM Marketing Guide worth £95.
undertake research/a study
▪ Students may undertake full-time supervised research leading to the award of a Ph.D.
women's studies
work/study etc full-time
▪ She works full-time and has two kids.
▪ The success of the series enabled her to concentrate full-time on writing.
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ ADJECTIVE
careful
▪ The foundation of the Camden Society in 1839 had promoted much more careful study of medieval architecture.
▪ He approached detective fiction as a craft that could be learned through careful, methodical study.
▪ But careful studies in the 1960S revealed that none of these explanations will do.
▪ It is vital to his sense of responsible obsession that everything in his room warrants careful study.
▪ From this flows a lack of expectation. Careful teaching and study of the scriptures is a good battering-ram for this barrier.
▪ Table 4-7 provides a checklist of the determinants of supply: the accompanying illustrations deserve careful study.
▪ There was so much communication and interchange, and careful study and research....
▪ If the existence of an attention deficit is confirmed through careful study, appropriate help must be provided for the child.
comparative
▪ Purely descriptive studies serve as the raw data for those comparative studies that aspire to higher levels of explanation.
▪ Other recent examples of comparative studies are those of Lowe - independent study modules and lecture tours, in 1981.
▪ Space and resources preclude an exhaustive or even an extensive comparative study in this work.
▪ The comparative study of kinship terminologies is one of the longest established traditions in academic anthropology.
▪ The final section is a comparative study of these algorithms and the methods they incorporate.
▪ There are no valid randomised comparative studies of surveillance versus treatment.
▪ The first is a comparative study of wool textile organisations, investigating the relationship between career development, innovation and company performance.
▪ Some comparative studies have already been made of environmental impact and safety although much more needs to be done.
comprehensive
▪ It contained a comprehensive study of the causes, prevention and treatment of crime.
▪ But there never has been such a comprehensive study to test the theory.
▪ The main priorities are: A comprehensive transportation study with a view to reducing the level of dependence on private cars.
▪ One of the more comprehensive recent studies, supported by the National Institute of Mental Health, is worth mentioning.
▪ But a more comprehensive study by doctors from Oxford has produced no evidence to support this.
▪ In a comprehensive study, the Institute for International Economics answered yes to these questions.
▪ One of the most comprehensive studies of the results of randomization trials that has been reported was due to Kaimann.
▪ A comprehensive study done a few years ago focused on what particular quality was shared by winning race car drivers.
detailed
▪ One such was that further detailed studies of the possible effects should be undertaken over a 12-month period.
▪ Shafir made a detailed study of comprehension levels by the supposedly literate.
▪ It is the necessary end-point of the detailed study of television programmes.
▪ Density contrasts at intermediate depths would be expected to occur at footwall ramps, suggesting that detailed gravity studies might be rewarding.
▪ Pearce reached his conclusions after conducting a review of detailed studies into the impact of environmental taxes.
▪ A detailed case study approach is also called for by the nature of the explanatory variables that will be proposed.
▪ Laski himself led the way not only in general theoretical orientation but also in the detailed study.
▪ A detailed study of the gestation and birth of a new specialism reveals a different story.
early
▪ Importantly, this provided him with the working-class raw material for his early empirical studies of language.
▪ These results are confirmed by earlier studies.
▪ Even the earliest study of its effectiveness stressed the view that it should improve the degree of accountability.
▪ Among the earliest studies of simulated stability was a paper published in 1970 by Gardner and Ashby.
▪ Among sixty drawings are many early studies including shelter and coalmine subjects.
▪ The proposal is still in the early study stage and must undergo extensive environmental review, Glidden said.
▪ There is concern from earlier studies that the disorder shortens life.
▪ The material collected and used was, as in the earlier study, the record of parish discipline by the established church.
experimental
▪ The experimental study of heredity led Bateson to breeding studies and soon to the newly rediscovered laws of Mendelian heredity.
▪ The use of light isotopes in a fusion reactor has been under experimental study since the 1950s.
▪ Although many experimental studies have been carried out since then, this remains the clearest and best-known work.
▪ Moreover, one experimental study showed increased tumour formation with dietary calcium.
▪ If the materials are properly prepared and used, the procedure can have all the advantages of an experimental study.
▪ Using both experimental studies and computer simulation, existing theories of face recognition and learning in general will be evaluated and developed.
▪ An experimental study from Plymouth reported a 23% reduction in general practitioner referrals after local guidelines were distributed.
▪ An experimental study of children's behaviour outlines a possible answer.
further
▪ The role of alternate day corticosteroids among children who experience chronic or frequently relapsing symptoms, however, deserves further study.
▪ The council has delayed implementation pending further study of its effects.
▪ The educational impact and subsequent effect on patient management will require further study.
▪ However, further studies are required to be able to reach significant conclusions on the economics of such an attempt.
▪ Yet the potential for further study and interpretation is enormous.
▪ The following principles are not elaborated in detail, they require considerable further discussion and study.
▪ This was eventually referred to the Standing Committee for further study and recommendations.
▪ It is suspected that the issue of lexical acquisition will form the basis of further studies.
historical
▪ However, such historical studies as do address this question indicate that all members do not benefit equally.
▪ Why do there need to be so many historical studies?
▪ Finally, is the Liberal confidence in its historical study justified?
▪ Recent historical studies stress the importance of scientific disciplines and research programmes.
▪ The historical case studies carried out by Lakatos and his followers certainly lend some support to that latter claim.
▪ There is no doubt that Angelica Kauffman's work offers a large and varied body of materials for feminist cultural and historical study.
▪ From this point of view, the resulting surveys are sometimes like historical studies.
independent
▪ It will make provision for mixed-ability groups much easier to organise, and encourage independent study.
▪ Two independent studies since the 1968 election confirm the trend.
▪ Councillors will discuss the possibility of funding an independent study into the mine's viability.
▪ In the spring semester Gordon taught two seminars and took on more than a dozen students for independent study projects.
▪ The course manual can be used for independent study.
▪ None the less, anthropology soon became an independent academic study, first by amateurs, and later by university researchers.
▪ Other recent examples of comparative studies are those of Lowe - independent study modules and lecture tours, in 1981.
▪ The Bellcrest File is designed for independent study.
literary
▪ Jakobson's essay thus constitutes as strong a claim as can possibly be made for the relevance of linguistics to literary study.
▪ It was only later that the aesthetic dimension of literary study became emphasized, with an accompanying concentration on the fictional genres.
▪ Non-scientific discourses, like law and literary studies, address subjectivity by deploying their own concepts of the subject.
▪ Herbert would seem to be far more obviously the choice for literary study, and the institutional canon confirms this.
▪ In practice, it weakens the claim of literary study to be a coherent and self-sufficient discipline.
▪ An adversarial stance appeared in literary study.
▪ From the outset, some scholars have been highly suspicious of the use of numerical methods in literary studies.
▪ Older academics, of whatever persuasion, were hostile to the idea of overt professionalism in literary study.
longitudinal
▪ Equally conflicting results with regard to glycaemic control and platelet-specific protein levels have been reported in longitudinal studies.
▪ Essentially, this is a longitudinal study of one subject.
▪ Undertaken by the National Children's Bureau, this is a longitudinal study of breathtaking scale and thoroughness.
▪ Finally, research evidence, particularly longitudinal studies which relate children's present situations to future outcomes, will increasingly influence practice.
▪ There are few longitudinal studies which have published data describing changes in the ability to undertake specific adl activities over time.
▪ In particular, the lack of longitudinal studies of older people in Britain is a major deficiency.
▪ Panel studies are an example of longitudinal studies which are not, of course, confined to attitude research.
▪ There are several difficulties with longitudinal studies, in addition to the usual problems of sample-based survey research.
present
▪ Results Patients included in the present study had diarrhoea that in some cases was of long duration.
▪ The aim of the present study was to review a group of patients in whom sclerosing cholangitis was present.
▪ The critical factors in determining the growth in the present study are all external; none are intrinsic to the science itself.
▪ The indium-111 leukocyte technique is particularly suitable for the present study since it utilises the homing properties of neutrophils in response to specific chemoattractants.
▪ The present study provides further evidence for these interactions in the colon.
▪ All of the books containing material related to the theses in the present study are such compilations.
▪ These patients served as probands in the present study.
previous
▪ I would be grateful for any information on previous or proposed studies in this area.
▪ A large intra- and interindividual variation is found, as reported in all previous pharmacokinetic studies of the different 5-ASA formulations.
▪ No previous study has identified predictors of outcome beyond 12 months among patients admitted to hospital with community-acquired pneumonia.
▪ Administration of indomethacin caused no decrease in the glucose induced insulin release in our preparation confirming previous studies.
▪ This confirms the results of previous studies.
▪ All previous studies have been based on statistics provided by individual nations.
▪ The previous pediatric studies of Sondheimer and Staiano etal did not support this theory.
▪ Unlike previous studies, Chamberlain did not pool the observations for the separate contracts on each commodity.
recent
▪ A recent major study of traffic problems in the Edinburgh area recognised road safety as a major factor for consideration.
▪ Several other recent studies have shown that moderate consumption of red wine, in particular, is helpful for preventing heart disease.
▪ Neither he nor his aides refuted a recent study suggesting that the bill would push 2. 6 million people into poverty.
▪ A very recent study confirms this once again.
▪ Incidentally, I've been reading some recent studies of Sardinian banditry.
▪ One recent study concluded: These days, some truckers are more inclined to sport white collars than tank tops.
▪ It is interesting to compare the methodology of this experiment with that of recent studies which have used more natural discourse.
▪ Several recent studies have confirmed the efficacy of lengthy spacing.
scientific
▪ Possibly the earliest attempt at a scientific study of ageing, he wrote it when he was himself 62.
▪ There is no apparent conclusive scientific study, but the anecdotal evidence is strong that the herb is useful.
▪ New scientific studies indicating that the danger of dioxin was in fact worse than previously realized were hardly reported.
▪ Government ministries set aside $ 7 million for further scientific studies.
▪ Ecological Science and Forestry Ecology is the scientific study of organisms in relation to the physical and biological environment.
▪ One involves the scientific study of which women are likely to keep their own last names after marriage.
▪ Tinbergen demonstrated that it was possible, simply by watching animals, to make a scientific study of them.
▪ Dozens of scientific studies investigated the claims.
social
▪ There are some issues within social studies itself which are interesting.
▪ Take the social studies / humanities curriculum as an example.
▪ I looked at several texts directed at the upper half of secondary schools and roughly the same categories emerged as for social studies.
▪ This, too, is social studies.
▪ Opportunities for school children to spend periods in various departments as part of their social studies or community placement should be encouraged.
▪ She was in my social studies class.
▪ In turn, successful return of land may benefit by guidance from social science studies.
▪ Many are pulling information from the Internet to prepare for debates and write social studies reports.
■ NOUN
business
▪ There was little or no overt resistance to the development of business studies degrees, for two sets of reasons.
case
▪ Presented with case studies, it takes no time for pupils to express strongly held opinions.
▪ The only exception to this happy situation is the case study or historical thesis or dissertation.
▪ The evidence from the case studies demonstrates that managers did not respond to market signals in simplistic ways.
▪ All students should spend part of their time using case studies and real-world problems to learn and apply academic content.
▪ This is made easier by confining the study to a small range of detailed case studies.
▪ Plasma phosphates also influence plasma calcium levels. Case studies show that there is a reciprocal relationship between calcium and phosphorus.
▪ A related advantage of the case study method is that it more readily allows the exploration of interaction between variables.
▪ More immediately, the case study will represent considerable progress.
pilot
▪ The colours were roughly matched for salience in pilot studies with healthy observers.
▪ Methodology Initially a small database would be created as a pilot study.
▪ In the pilot study, a domain-specific dictionary was tested with a document from the same domain.
▪ During the period of the pilot study, I kept a weekly account of my workload and activities.
▪ At St Mary's, we decided to set up a 10-week pilot study before fully implementing the new role.
▪ The pilot studies are intended to lay the foundation for more detailed research into the role of effective innovation in corporate competitiveness.
▪ Provisional tables, etc., for the final report should be specified. 4. Pilot study.
skill
▪ Enhance study skills in preparation for tertiary education 3.
▪ In addition to counselling on particular personal problems, advice is available on aspects such as accommodation, study skills and careers.
▪ Tuition in study skills and information retrieval methods especially electronic.
▪ Much use will be made of the School Library where study skills will be learnt.
▪ Our Skills Centre can help you with any personal study skill from time-management to overcoming dyslexia.
▪ For some members of staff, study skills was what the ESSE/L Project was really all about.
▪ In contrast, 4 Colleges and 1 Polytechnic offered language improvement, and 9 Colleges and 6 Polytechnics study skills.
■ VERB
based
▪ The report is based on a study by Bradford Business Link.
▪ Much of the data on disappearing species is based upon studies of species that have disappeared from islands.
▪ Designs based upon interpenetration studies by Paul Klee.
▪ Animal models of man Psychobiology is based largely on studies of behavioural and physiological processes in non-human animals.
▪ This conclusion is based on studies of human society, both modern and tribal, and on comparisons with apes and birds.
▪ This brief report is based on a study of the response of boards to the materials and training provided.
▪ A number of empirical studies of the volatility-volume relationship based on studies of futures other than index futures is summarized in Table 8.3.
carry
▪ To help tackle the problem, the park authority is carrying out a research study.
▪ It has carried out a five-year study which it says shows no significant increase in radiation is reaching the earth's surface.
▪ Interestingly neither of these two people were sociologists, though sociologists have carried out participant studies amongst homosexuals and criminal gangs.
▪ Two studies will be carried out.
▪ The most detailed type of sorting consists of carrying out a die study.
▪ Scientists at the laboratory will carry out a study to gain a clearer picture of the dummy's effectiveness.
▪ The Agriculture Minister, John Gummer, said that the government would carry out a pilot study into pollution control methods.
conduct
▪ The national Perinatal Epidemiology Unit in Oxford is conducting a nation-wide study into the subject.
▪ Astra refuses to conduct further rat studies with lower doses of ranitidine, saying that this is Glaxo's job.
▪ Shine, who distrusts photographs, has been conducting environmental studies at the lake for 20 years.
▪ Interviews will be conducted early in the study and repeated two years later.
▪ The port is conducting studies in hopes of proving the point.
▪ Describe how you would conduct a study to investigate the well-being of such ex-patients.
▪ Its members conduct studies that are mainly sociological in nature, looking at questions like the importance of counselling to hysterectomy patients.
include
▪ In London, however, his scope widened to include the study of important contemporary texts.
▪ The doctors must explain the uncertainty of the outcome when seeking permission to include some one in the study.
▪ No night duty was included in the study.
▪ Nisbett and Cohen say they did not include blacks in their study because homicide rates for blacks are unrelated to region.
▪ All patients had normal serum concentrations of liver enzymes and bilirubin and were included consecutively in the study.
▪ The report did not include studies of areas as hot as Tucson.
▪ The research will include case studies of 20 schools in three local education authorities, examining change as it occurs.
▪ Forbes joined the race too late to be included in the study, said Lewis.
undertake
▪ I want to undertake the postgraduate study in Britain.
▪ One man undertook his studies with uncommon diligence, laboring nights, and walked away with seven pairs.
▪ When we undertook our study we found that the categorisation usually made of the special needs of children was insufficiently detailed.
▪ It has also undertaken studies and simulation exercises in emergency planning.
▪ This 1960 Act required the Surgeon General to undertake studies of the health effects of motor vehicle exhaust emissions.
▪ Now that you have considered these empirical studies, you should be more capable of undertaking your own study.
▪ One department uses a library mainly when undertaking a major study which requires the stimulation of a general library search.
▪ It undertook feasibility studies to determine the usefulness of various techniques as applied to frescos and plasterwork.
PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
bury yourself in your work/studies etc
comparative study/analysis etc
▪ All the topics covered would have to be placed in context but there would be no, say, comparative studies.
▪ Other recent examples of comparative studies are those of Lowe - independent study modules and lecture tours, in 1981.
▪ She said a comparative study of about 15, 000 randomly selected Gulf War veterans is planned for the near future.
▪ Space and resources preclude an exhaustive or even an extensive comparative study in this work.
▪ The comparative study of institutions is not new in political science.
▪ The comparative study of kinship terminologies is one of the longest established traditions in academic anthropology.
▪ Thus, the comparative analysis of achievable stopping patterns by bus, light rail and suburban rail is well done.
cost-benefit analysis/study/approach
▪ Any careful cost-benefit analysis will show that every social practice and institution has limitations and presents difficulties as well as opportunities.
▪ Does this enable the court to take into account the comparative social utility of the product and apply a cost-benefit analysis?
▪ Easing actions were subject to an instant cost-benefit analysis.
▪ Economists have long been calling for safety regulations to be subject to cost-benefit analysis.
▪ Environmental intangibles have been built into the cost-benefit analysis in the same way as they are for road schemes.
▪ Few laws require cost-benefit analysis for new rules and many actively prohibit it.
▪ The port should have the results of a cost-benefit analysis within 120 days, Bowman said.
▪ The third approach to merger policy is the cost-benefit approach.
independent study/learning
▪ Councillors will discuss the possibility of funding an independent study into the mine's viability.
▪ In the spring semester Gordon taught two seminars and took on more than a dozen students for independent study projects.
▪ It will make provision for mixed-ability groups much easier to organise, and encourage independent study.
▪ Other recent examples of comparative studies are those of Lowe - independent study modules and lecture tours, in 1981.
▪ The course manual can be used for independent study.
▪ The increased use of independent learning at higher levels within the pathway is reflected in the assessment pattern within the modules.
▪ Two independent studies since the 1968 election confirm the trend.
▪ Would you like to do this as an independent study?
pilot study/project/scheme etc
▪ A pilot study is being carried out with Manchester University.
▪ Olmsted saw Niagara as a pilot project for a larger and more ambitious campaign.
▪ Schools are being invited to put forward their brightest pupils to do the tests as part of the pilot scheme.
▪ The pilot scheme bid backed in principle by the committee yesterday is proposed for Darlington and Durham.
▪ The colours were roughly matched for salience in pilot studies with healthy observers.
▪ The Environmental Defense Fund brokered a series of pilot projects in Juarez, including one to test vehicle emissions.
▪ Under a pilot scheme multinationals have been allowed to issue their own work permits to foreign staff.
▪ With modest resources, the Agriculture Department is introducing the new technologies to growers in a handful of pilot projects nationwide.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
Studies of dolphins have shown that they are able to communicate information to each other.
▪ A series of studies was made to discover the relationship between diet and behavior.
▪ Berne has published a review of studies on sex education programs in public schools.
▪ Our comparative study of political culture includes five democracies.
▪ Paleontology is the study of ancient life.
▪ Recent studies have shown that women find it harder than men to give up smoking.
▪ The exhibition includes a series of studies by Picasso for his painting Guernica.
▪ We're doing a study into how much time people spend watching television each day.
▪ Woodward's busy work schedule left little time for study on her MBA degree.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪ A Scandinavian study uses a randomisation scheme which will probably prevent the group from obtaining a scientifically valuable result.
▪ Four such cases have been reported in the United Kingdom during the past decade, the study says.
▪ If the study yields promising projections, construction will begin in April.
▪ Later studies have concentrated on comparisons with attitudes to oil development in Dorset and on reactions to Chernobyl.
▪ Most of the relevant experimental evidence on this issue comes not from studies of latent inhibition but from investigations of conditioning itself.
▪ The study also showed a disturbing trend in another area: hours worked.
▪ The Peace Corps Volunteers were a study in contrast.
▪ Treatment with sedative antihistamines was continued throughout the study if they were in use on entry.
II.verb
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ NOUN
college
▪ They always encouraged varied materials where I studied at art college in Loughborough.
▪ As a teen, Dunn was encouraged by her father to study art in college.
▪ Her friends, also studying at exclusive colleges, said they had no difficulty being served drink despite their ages.
▪ Some of the students come for extra help for courses they are studying at the college.
▪ Karen therefore studied school administration in college and went into this field.
detail
▪ The few examples of state formation which have been studied in detail are all significantly different in important respects.
▪ I had to steel myself to look again so that I could study the details dispassionately.
▪ Despite being one of the commonest and most widespread birds in Britain, until recently it had not been studied in detail.
▪ The magnetic field is thus one aspect of the earth that scientists have studied in detail for centuries.
▪ During S2 the same topics are studied but in more detail and greater emphasis is placed on accuracy and presentation.
▪ Take time to study the details.
▪ We can study in detail how the complementary descriptions of position and momentum relate to each other.
▪ This idea has not been studied in detail in any lek species to date.
face
▪ He climbed the ladder and studied his face for half an hour in the silver disc that was his halo.
▪ She studied her face again, watching herself take a drag of her cigarette.
▪ Simply study the face of the youngster featured.
▪ Realizing that Foley was studying his face, he flushed.
▪ I would keep my eyes resolutely shut while he studied my face.
▪ Mallachy turned away from Jessica, Karen studied Rory's face.
▪ I looked more closely, studying his face with as much detachment as I could.
history
▪ From 1969 to 1977 he worked as an X-ray technician in Jerusalem, and then studied history at Beirut University.
▪ You study the history of religions, comparative religion, the scriptures of the world, maybe the psychology of religion.
▪ Well, one gets a bit tired of studying ancient history.
▪ What had I really learned from studying history and psychology and philosophy and literature?
▪ Many overseas students come to study the languages, history, culture and traditions of this country.
▪ As Figure 1.3 shows, those who study history are eminently trainable for a wide variety of occupations.
▪ That's one of the important reasons why we need to study history.
▪ Two years have been set aside to allow time to study a period of History in sufficient depth.
issue
▪ This contact made him study the issue of conformity to the established church.
▪ Few studies have attempted to study the issues from the point of view of the historian.
▪ So now Clinton does Ike one better: He has created a seven-member commission to study racial issues.
▪ The tribe waited to study the issue.
▪ The committee, which studied the issue for 19 months, had signaled its conclusions in a draft report two months ago.
▪ But they want more time to study the issue, preferably in hearings before the House Judiciary Committee and other relevant panels.
language
▪ He studied languages, studied political theory, knew diseases intimately, had official records of his skill as a pilot.
▪ Many people have studied languages in the past in school or elsewhere and this knowledge can be built upon.
Language change is one of the subjects of historical linguistics, the subfield of linguistics that studies language in its historical aspects.
▪ Many overseas students come to study the languages, history, culture and traditions of this country.
▪ I would stay here for a year, study the language, live with people, write my book.
▪ Because of poor health he was educated at home before enrolling at Glasgow University to study humanities and classical languages.
▪ I had done my best to study the language in Fontanellato.
opportunity
▪ These records provided a rare opportunity to study the attenuation of strong seismic waves as a means of assessing seismic hazard.
▪ Winningham lived near Granada Hills High but got an opportunity transfer to study theater at Chatsworth.
▪ Some members had not yet had the opportunity to study the Report and the Trustees response.
▪ University offers a unique opportunity to study subjects not offered at school as well as those of which applicants may have some experience.
▪ The Faculty offers opportunities to study and conduct research in most branches of law and legal scholarship.
▪ This discovery has given scientists a unique opportunity to study these unusual phenomena.
▪ Sailing and trout fishing are available for the more active, and opportunities to study the wildlife are being developed.
▪ She took over the serving of the tea and cakes and Jenna had the opportunity to study her surreptitiously.
patient
▪ We studied patients who had coronary arteriography and then later an infarct.
▪ Also the specificity of our results needs to be verified as we did not study patients with other inflammatory bowel diseases.
▪ Isner and his colleagues studied 10 patients with severe atherosclerosis.
▪ We elected to study only patients with disabling liquid stool incontinence and urgency where conventional medical treatment had already failed.
▪ Although we did not study any patients with severe symptoms, our findings seem to be clinically relevant.
▪ They studied 27 patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome who believed themselves to have food allergy or intolerance.
researcher
▪ This gives researchers the ability to study the abilities of each hemisphere of a single brain separately.
▪ Still, dental researchers are studying adult teeth that have taken decades of abuse from food, drinks and sweets.
▪ According to Townsend, the data should be invaluable to researchers studying rural areas.
▪ In particular, the researcher may study himself or herself in order to maintain a specific behavior or change a specific behavior.
▪ The methodology of ethnography is usually dependent upon the constraints operating on whom or what the researcher wants to study.
▪ A rendezvous also would have permitted researchers to study the effects of electron emissions from the shuttle on the satellite.
▪ Bird-watching has been used by many researchers to study children's behaviour.
▪ Just how essential this help can be was documented over 18 years by a researcher studying these animals in a captive environment.
school
▪ For two years Anne studied hard at school.
▪ Karen therefore studied school administration in college and went into this field.
▪ This boy has studied at film school.
▪ He began to complain about Theresa, who was studying for medical school.
▪ And the short story is studied in depth in school and college.
▪ Nestorius himself had studied at the theological school of Antioch, where his mentor was a man known as Theodore of Mopsuestia.
▪ If it is vocationally disadvantageous to study history at school, it must be vocationally suicidal to study the subject at university.
scientist
▪ The social scientist tends to study events soas to draw conclusions of a more general and rather static kind.
▪ Transmission has always been the burning issue for scientists interested in studying this epidemic.
▪ Hard currency can be earned for the authorities from foreign scientists who want to study the effects of a nuclear accident.
▪ In the past, Livermore scientists studied those mini-explosions to better understand the physics of nuclear weapons blasts.
▪ Despite asking scientists studying penguins about this, none could give an answer.
▪ The scientists studied nine large families in Utah and Colorado with multiple cases of schizophrenia.
▪ The mating behaviour of pied flycatchers is immensely complicated and scientists studying them interpret their behaviour slightly differently.
▪ When a scientist studies combustion, he peers though his instruments at one of the million aspects of the one great mystery.
student
▪ Exemplar assessments could be made available for students to study in order to give guidance on what is expected.
▪ It was a little fish that was colorless and thoughtful-looking, one of those students who study hard and barely pass.
▪ If the student is studying under a tutor or supervisor an adequate number of problems will be supplied to him.
▪ Back in their high school biology class, the students had been studying the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
▪ She was also a physicist, one of the rare female students to study pure science.
▪ The students in the above study had parents who placed a high value on education.
▪ John Hebbes was a second year student, studying mathematics.
▪ Then Jack had been a student studying zoology at the university; now he was a lecturer in computers.
subject
▪ University offers a unique opportunity to study subjects not offered at school as well as those of which applicants may have some experience.
▪ Nor is the right to study any particular subject or any foreign language.
▪ But it too uses passive tests most frequently when it is studying female subjects.
▪ Their list looks remarkably like those of researchers who have studied this subject.
▪ The student is therefore likely to study four different subjects in these two years, in up to four departments.
▪ Tightly regulated standards for schools, including the number of minutes that are to be spent studying a subject.
▪ To examine the reasons for studying a particular subject. 2.
▪ U., studying some arcane subject that turned out to be completely irrelevant.
university
▪ Two-year course students may be a little older, and have already studied drama at university level.
▪ She graduated from the Gymnasium and has even studied in the university.
▪ Students combining Latin with a modern language usually spend their third year studying Latin at a university in the appropriate country.
▪ Women were now studying at the university.
▪ James had studied law at university but now was working in the personnel department of Cadbury's.
▪ When my service here is finished, I hope to return to my mathematics studies at the university.
▪ All but six of these students would be studying at university.
▪ The proliferation of media studies centers at leading universities can play an increasingly important role in fostering critical self-examination of the media.
■ VERB
spend
▪ When you spend long periods studying the board the latter point becomes quite important.
▪ Much of the time in the air was spent studying.
▪ When she told him he spent hours studying catalogues and brochures deciding how to spend it.
▪ A public service agency spends so much time studying the financial implications of a project that cost overruns are virtually guaranteed.
▪ For the past year has spent her spare moments studying for an Open University degree in science and technology.
▪ The Panthers' offense is fairly predictable, and the 49ers spent the offseason studying their defense.
▪ He then spent five years studying surgery at Edinburgh, qualifying in 1938.
▪ Tightly regulated standards for schools, including the number of minutes that are to be spent studying a subject.
PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
comparative study/analysis etc
▪ All the topics covered would have to be placed in context but there would be no, say, comparative studies.
▪ Other recent examples of comparative studies are those of Lowe - independent study modules and lecture tours, in 1981.
▪ She said a comparative study of about 15, 000 randomly selected Gulf War veterans is planned for the near future.
▪ Space and resources preclude an exhaustive or even an extensive comparative study in this work.
▪ The comparative study of institutions is not new in political science.
▪ The comparative study of kinship terminologies is one of the longest established traditions in academic anthropology.
▪ Thus, the comparative analysis of achievable stopping patterns by bus, light rail and suburban rail is well done.
cost-benefit analysis/study/approach
▪ Any careful cost-benefit analysis will show that every social practice and institution has limitations and presents difficulties as well as opportunities.
▪ Does this enable the court to take into account the comparative social utility of the product and apply a cost-benefit analysis?
▪ Easing actions were subject to an instant cost-benefit analysis.
▪ Economists have long been calling for safety regulations to be subject to cost-benefit analysis.
▪ Environmental intangibles have been built into the cost-benefit analysis in the same way as they are for road schemes.
▪ Few laws require cost-benefit analysis for new rules and many actively prohibit it.
▪ The port should have the results of a cost-benefit analysis within 120 days, Bowman said.
▪ The third approach to merger policy is the cost-benefit approach.
independent study/learning
▪ Councillors will discuss the possibility of funding an independent study into the mine's viability.
▪ In the spring semester Gordon taught two seminars and took on more than a dozen students for independent study projects.
▪ It will make provision for mixed-ability groups much easier to organise, and encourage independent study.
▪ Other recent examples of comparative studies are those of Lowe - independent study modules and lecture tours, in 1981.
▪ The course manual can be used for independent study.
▪ The increased use of independent learning at higher levels within the pathway is reflected in the assessment pattern within the modules.
▪ Two independent studies since the 1968 election confirm the trend.
▪ Would you like to do this as an independent study?
pilot study/project/scheme etc
▪ A pilot study is being carried out with Manchester University.
▪ Olmsted saw Niagara as a pilot project for a larger and more ambitious campaign.
▪ Schools are being invited to put forward their brightest pupils to do the tests as part of the pilot scheme.
▪ The pilot scheme bid backed in principle by the committee yesterday is proposed for Darlington and Durham.
▪ The colours were roughly matched for salience in pilot studies with healthy observers.
▪ The Environmental Defense Fund brokered a series of pilot projects in Juarez, including one to test vehicle emissions.
▪ Under a pilot scheme multinationals have been allowed to issue their own work permits to foreign staff.
▪ With modest resources, the Agriculture Department is introducing the new technologies to growers in a handful of pilot projects nationwide.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪ "Is Ian coming with us?" "He can't - he's studying for his exams."
▪ A team of scientists has been studying the effects of acid rain over a twenty-year period.
▪ Alan hardly studied for the test, but he still passed.
▪ Dad thinks I should study to be a doctor, but I'm not interested in medicine.
▪ He's studying to be a lawyer.
▪ He studied for the bar exam all year, and he still didn't pass.
▪ His parents sent him to Moscow to study physics, chemistry, and mathematics.
▪ I'm going to spend the afternoon studying my notes.
▪ I can't go to the movie tonight - I have a big test to study for.
▪ I won't comment till I've had time to study the proposals.
▪ If you study hard, you'll be able to get into a good university.
▪ It's difficult to study when the weather's so hot.
▪ Less than 10% of girls choose to study Science at school.
▪ My parents first met when dad was studying in England.
▪ NASA has used the space shuttle to study how materials perform in a weightless environment.
▪ Nicoll was himself a noted psychologist and studied under Jung in Zurich.
▪ Schultes has spent a lifetime studying hallucinogenic drugs.
▪ She's studying Music at Berkeley College in Boston.
▪ She's at business school, studying to be an accountant.
▪ She spent several years studying the behaviour of gorillas in Africa.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪ As a teen, Dunn was encouraged by her father to study art in college.
▪ However, having studied all these reports, it does seem that voluntary organisation involvement is encouraged through national policy guidelines.
▪ I studied cases of tuberculosis in hospital employees between 1984 and 1992.
▪ If Angel had studied at Cambridge he would never have become a farmer and married a country girl.
▪ Language change is one of the subjects of historical linguistics, the subfield of linguistics that studies language in its historical aspects.
▪ The bill says nothing about requiring taggants in gunpowder, only studying them.
▪ This allowed him to study many waves traveling along more or less the same path.
The Collaborative International Dictionary
Study

Study \Stud"y\, n.; pl. Studies. [OE. studie, L. studium, akin to studere to study; possibly akin to Gr. ? haste, zeal, ? to hasten; cf. OF. estudie, estude, F. ['e]tude. Cf. Etude, Student, Studio, Study, v. i.]

  1. A setting of the mind or thoughts upon a subject; hence, application of mind to books, arts, or science, or to any subject, for the purpose of acquiring knowledge.

    Hammond . . . spent thirteen hours of the day in study.
    --Bp. Fell.

    Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace.
    --Sir W. Temple.

  2. Mental occupation; absorbed or thoughtful attention; meditation; contemplation.

    Just men they seemed, and all their study bent To worship God aright, and know his works.
    --Milton.

  3. Any particular branch of learning that is studied; any object of attentive consideration.

    The Holy Scriptures, especially the New Testament, are her daily study.
    --Law.

    The proper study of mankind is man.
    --Pope.

  4. A building or apartment devoted to study or to literary work. ``His cheery little study.''
    --Hawthorne.

  5. (Fine Arts) A representation or rendering of any object or scene intended, not for exhibition as an original work of art, but for the information, instruction, or assistance of the maker; as, a study of heads or of hands for a figure picture.

  6. (Mus.) A piece for special practice. See Etude.

Study

Study \Stud"y\, v. t.

  1. To apply the mind to; to read and examine for the purpose of learning and understanding; as, to study law or theology; to study languages.

  2. To consider attentively; to examine closely; as, to study the work of nature.

    Study thyself; what rank or what degree The wise Creator has ordained for thee.
    --Dryden.

  3. To form or arrange by previous thought; to con over, as in committing to memory; as, to study a speech.

  4. To make an object of study; to aim at sedulously; to devote one's thoughts to; as, to study the welfare of others; to study variety in composition.

    For their heart studieth destruction.
    --Prov. xxiv. 2.

Study

Study \Stud"y\, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Studied; p. pr. & vb. n. Studying.] [OE. studien, OF. estudier, F. ['e]tudier. See Study, n.]

  1. To fix the mind closely upon a subject; to dwell upon anything in thought; to muse; to ponder.
    --Chaucer.

    I found a moral first, and then studied for a fable.
    --Swift.

  2. To apply the mind to books or learning.
    --Shak.

  3. To endeavor diligently; to be zealous.
    --1 Thes. iv. 11.

Douglas Harper's Etymology Dictionary
study

early 12c., "to strive toward, devote oneself to, cultivate" (translating Latin occupatur), from Old French estudiier "to study, apply oneself, show zeal for; examine" (13c., Modern French étudier), from Medieval Latin studiare, from Latin studium "study, application," originally "eagerness," from studere "to be diligent" ("to be pressing forward"), from PIE *(s)teu- (1) "to push, stick, knock, beat" (see steep (adj.)).\n\nMartha swanc and becarcade to geforðigene þan Hælende and his þeowen þa lichamlice behefðen. Seo studdede emb þa uterlice þing.

[Homily for the Feast of the Virgin Mary, c.1125]

\nFrom c.1300 as "apply oneself to the acquisition of learning, pursue a formal course of study," also "read a book or writings intently or meditatively." From mid-14c. as "reflect, muse, think, ponder." Meaning "regard attentively" is from 1660s. Related: Studied; studying.
study

c.1300, "application of the mind to the acquisition of knowledge, intensive reading and contemplation of a book, writings, etc.," from Old French estudie "care, attention, skill, thought; study, school" (Modern French étude), from Latin studium "study, application" (see study (v.)). Also from c.1300 as "a state of deep thought or contemplation; a state of mental perplexity, doubt, anxiety; state of amazement or wonder." From mid-14c. as "careful examination, scrutiny." Sense of "room furnished with books" is from late 14c. Meaning "a subject of study" is from late 15c. Study hall is attested from 1891, originally a large common room in a college.

Wiktionary
study

n. 1 (label en obsolete) A state of mental perplexity or worried thought. 2 (label en archaic) thought, as directed to a specific purpose; one's concern. 3 Mental effort to acquire knowledge or learning. vb. 1 (context usually academic English) To revise materials already learned in order to make sure one does not forget them, usually in preparation for an examination. 2 (context academic English) To take a course or courses on a subject. 3 To acquire knowledge on a subject. 4 To look at minutely. 5 To fix the mind closely upon a subject; to dwell upon anything in thought; to muse; to ponder. 6 To endeavor diligently; to be zealous.

WordNet
study
  1. n. a detailed critical inspection [syn: survey]

  2. applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading); "mastering a second language requires a lot of work"; "no schools offer graduate study in interior design" [syn: work]

  3. a written document describing the findings of some individual or group; "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" [syn: report, written report]

  4. a state of deep mental absorption; "she is in a deep study"

  5. a room used for reading and writing and studying; "he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study"

  6. a branch of knowledge; "in what discipline is his doctorate?"; "teachers should be well trained in their subject"; "anthropology is the study of human beings" [syn: discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study, bailiwick, branch of knowledge]

  7. preliminary drawing for later elaboration; "he made several studies before starting to paint" [syn: sketch]

  8. attentive consideration and meditation; "after much cogitation he rejected the offer" [syn: cogitation]

  9. someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play); "he is a quick study"

  10. a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique; "a study in spiccato bowing"

  11. v. consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning; "analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare"; "analyze the evidence in a criminal trial"; "analyze your real motives" [syn: analyze, analyse, examine, canvass, canvas]

  12. be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning

  13. give careful consideration to; "consider the possibility of moving" [syn: consider]

  14. be a student of a certain subject; "She is reading for the bar exam" [syn: learn, read, take]

  15. learn by reading books; "He is studying geology in his room"; "I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now" [syn: hit the books]

  16. think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes; "He is meditating in his study" [syn: meditate, contemplate]

  17. [also: studied]

Gazetteer
Wikipedia
Study

Study or studies may refer to:

Study (room)

A study is a room in a house that is used for paperwork, computer work, or reading. Historically, the study of a house was reserved for use as the private office and reading room of a family father as the formal head of a household, but today studies are generally either used to operate a home business or else open to the whole family.

A typical study might contain a desk, chair, computer, desk lamps, bookshelves, books, and file cabinets. A spare bedroom is often utilized as a study, but many modern homes have a room specifically designated as a study. Other terms used for rooms of this nature include den, home office, or library.

The study developed from the closet or cabinet of the Renaissance onwards. The advent of electronic communication and computer technology has widened the appeal of dedicated home working areas, with nearly 30% of all working adults in the United States reporting that they undertake at least some work from home as part of their primary employment.

Study (art)

In art, a study is a drawing, sketch or painting done in preparation for a finished piece, or as visual notes. Studies are often used to understand the problems involved in rendering subjects and to plan the elements to be used in finished works, such as light, color, form, perspective and composition. Studies can have more impact than more-elaborately planned work, due to the fresh insights the artist gains while exploring the subject. The excitement of discovery can give a study vitality. Even when layers of the work show changes the artist made as more was understood, the viewer shares more of the artist's sense of discovery. Written notes alongside visual images add to the import of the piece as they allow the viewer to share the artist's process of getting to know the subject.

Studies inspired some of the first 20th century conceptual art, where the creative process itself becomes the subject of the piece. Since the process is what is all-important in studies and conceptual art, the viewer may be left with no material object of art.

Studies can be traced back even as long ago as the Italian Renaissance, from which art historians have maintained some of Michelangelo's studies. One in particular, his study for the Libyan Sibyl on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, is based on a male model, though the finished painting is of a woman. Such details help to reveal the thought processes and techniques of many artists.

Image:Leonardo da Vinci - Studies of the foetus in the womb.jpg| Leonardo da Vinci's study of embryos, c. 1510-1513 Bloemaert - Studieblad met staande trompetter, handen en armen.jpg| Studies by Abraham Bloemaert, ca. 1626

Image:Head of Minerva.jpg|Head of Minerva, Elihu Vedder, 1896. Preparatory study. Oil on canvas, 125 × 80 cm Image:Minerva-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg|The corresponding final work, Elihu Vedder, 1896, mosaic. Ivanov 030.jpg| Alexandr Ivanov, study of Christ head

Study (Flandrin)

Study (Young Male Nude Seated beside the Sea) (French: Jeune Homme nu assis au bord de la mer, figure d'étude) is a painting by Hippolyte Flandrin executed between 1835 and 1836. Flandrin had won France's Prix de Rome in 1832, a bursary which provided the winner with a trip to Rome to concentrate on their vocation. There, Flandrin produced this study, which he sent back to Paris in 1837, in fulfillment of the bursary's requirements for the student to submit works in the tradition of various genres. In 1857, Napoleon III purchased the painting, which is now in the collection of Paris's Louvre.

The painting gained attention among contemporary French art critics, and remains one of Flandrin's best-known works, despite being produced relatively early in his career. The subject is an unidentified youth, an " ephebe", who sits nude on a rock with his arms wrapped around his legs and his head resting on his knees, eyes closed. There is a sea in the background, and no distinguishable landmarks locate the figure. The enigmatic scene provides no explanation for the figure's pose: Théophile Gautier (1811–1872) commented that the young man could be shipwrecked on a deserted island, or be a shepherd who has lost his flock. Ultimately, any explanation for this scene is left to the imagination, leading to comparisons with Surrealist art in the twentieth century.

In examining the influence of German aesthetic theory on French art, critic Elizabeth Prettejohn finds that the roundedness of form and "flawless" modeling of flesh would have met with Johann Joachim Winckelmann's approval as an examplar of the beautiful. Prettejohn compares the figure's almost circular pose and sparse framing with that of Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man.

Vital to the painting's spread were reproductions based on an 1887 engraving by Jean-Baptiste Danguin that was commissioned by the state. As awareness of the work grew, the painting became an icon of homosexual culture in the 20th century, although the work would not have been intended to evoke such a theme. The scene is intimate, yet the figure is, according to one author, "self-absorbed, passive, alienated—undoubtedly contribut[ing] to the persistence of certain homophobic clichés." Photographers Marcel Moore and Claude Cahun adopted the pose in a photograph of the lesbian Cahun, c. 1911. The painting was similarly evoked in early twentieth-century art photography by F. Holland Day and Wilhelm von Gloeden, and later by Robert Mapplethorpe.

Study (film)

Study is a 2012 Italian psychological thriller drama film written, produced, directed by and starring Paolo Benetazzo. It follows a psychology student in the last week before his final exam, discovering his life and exploring his mind. Distinguished by a profound cinematic individualism, the film was made on an extremely low-budget and was entirely shot by Benetazzo without any film crew.

Study has been screened and awarded at several international film festivals including the California Film Awards, Portobello Film Festival, Indie Fest, Cyprus International Film Festival. The film has since developed a cult following among fans and audience.

Study (soundtrack)

Study Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2012 film, Study. It was released on iTunes on October 1, 2013. The soundtrack uses a variety of musical genres including hard rock, psychedelic rock, new age, funk rock, gothic rock and trash metal. The original score was composed by Paolo Benetazzo, Roberto Chemello and Jean Charles Carbone.

The soundtrack includes famous pieces of classical music reinterpreted for the film, such as Liszt's Un Sospiro, Chopin's Funeral March and Nocturne in E minor, Op. posth. 72, and Debussy's Arabesque No. 1.

According to the film's director, Paolo Benetazzo, "Music plays a crucial part in Study. The film does not rely on traditional techniques of narrative cinema. I wanted the film to be a primarily visual and sound experience in which music plays a vital role in evoking specific atmospheres."

Usage examples of "study".

Aspinwall remained where he was, studying closely the Hindoo who confronted him with abnormally impassive face.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge the Aboriginal Arts Board of the Australia Council and the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies for their financial assistance with the preparation of this book.

The department never expected any of their Aboriginal students to do well at tertiary studies.

She knew she could not scale a blank seven-foot wall fast enough to save herself, especially not with one stingingly abraded hand, so she studied the trees as she ran.

The laws which excuse, on any occasions, the ignorance of their subjects, confess their own imperfections: the civil jurisprudence, as it was abridged by Justinian, still continued a mysterious science, and a profitable trade, and the innate perplexity of the study was involved in tenfold darkness by the private industry of the practitioners.

So I started to work with them and, from the time I did my first study, I was surprised to see that the brains of the cocaine abusers had very severe changes.

As he studied her sleeping face, he ached inside to stop the car and take hold of her, to whisper her name against her mouth, to tell her how much he loved her, how much he wanted her, so much that already his body-He cursed under his breath, reminding himself that he was closer now to forty than to twenty and that the turbulent, uncontrollable reaction of his body to the merest thought of touching her was the reaction of an immature boy, not an adult man.

When the negro colleges first opened, there was a glow of enthusiasm, an eagerness of study, a facility of acquirement, and a good order that promised everything for the future.

Mercy said, looking from Acton to the Duchess in a pretty study of consternation.

He must do this, because if he admits that a world-centric, global perspectivism has adaptive advantage over narrower perspectives, then he must admit that his cultural stance of universal-global perspectivism is superior to those cultures that he studies that do not share his universal pluralism.

There are several telephones, seven or eight chairs, two racks on wheels that contain all the charts, and an Addressograph machine used when we order lab studies, X-rays, or tests on patients.

The objects of tile Institute were the advancement and propagation of information in Egypt, and the study and publication of all facts relating to the natural history, trade, and antiquities of that ancient country.

I saw the Common Sense Medical Adviser advertised and sent for the book and studied its contents carefully, and came to the conclusion that I was suffering from varicocele.

My recollection of this period brings back many curious defences, which illustrate the school of advocacy in which I studied.

Duff, a New Zealand anthropologist who has made a special study of adze distributions, claiming that no adzes with butts tanged as an aid in lashing the handles have been established for Western Polynesia, whereas tanged adzes have been found throughout Eastern Polynesia, has argued that this is not in accord with what one would expect from random voyaging.