Crossword clues for reproduction
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
The Collaborative International Dictionary
Reproduction \Re`pro*duc"tion\ (-d?k"sh?n), n. [Cf. F. reproduction.]
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The act or process of reproducing; the state of being reproduced; specifically (Biol.), the process by which plants and animals give rise to offspring.
Note: There are two distinct methods of reproduction; viz.: asexual reproduction (agamogenesis) and sexual reproduction (gamogenesis). In both cases the new individual is developed from detached portions of the parent organism. In asexual reproduction (gemmation, fission, etc.), the detached portions of the organism develop into new individuals without the intervention of other living matter. In sexual reproduction, the detached portion, which is always a single cell, called the female germ cell, is acted upon by another portion of living matter, the male germ cell, usually from another organism, and in the fusion of the two (impregnation) a new cell is formed, from the development of which arises a new individual.
That which is reproduced.
Douglas Harper's Etymology Dictionary
1650s, "act of forming again," noun of action from reproduce. Of generation of living things, from 1782; of sounds, from 1908. Meaning "a copy" is from 1807.
Wiktionary
n. The act of reproduce new individuals biologically.
WordNet
n. the process of generating offspring
recall that is hypothesized to work by storing the original stimulus input and reproducing it during recall [syn: reproductive memory]
copy that is not the original; something that has been copied [syn: replica, replication]
the act of making copies; "Gutenberg's reproduction of holy texts was far more efficient" [syn: replication]
the sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspring [syn: procreation, breeding, facts of life]
Wikipedia
Reproduction (or procreation, breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parents". Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction. There are two forms of reproduction: asexual and sexual.
In asexual reproduction, an organism can reproduce without the involvement of another organism. Asexual reproduction is not limited to single-celled organisms. The cloning of an organism is a form of asexual reproduction. By asexual reproduction, an organism creates a genetically similar or identical copy of itself. The evolution of sexual reproduction is a major puzzle for biologists. The two-fold cost of sex is that only 50% of organisms reproduce and organisms only pass on 50% of their genes.
Sexual reproduction typically requires the sexual interaction of two specialized organisms, called gametes, which contain half the number of chromosomes of normal cells and are created by meiosis, with typically a male fertilizing a female of the same species to create a fertilized zygote. This produces offspring organisms whose genetic characteristics are derived from those of the two parental organisms.
Reproduction may mean:
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Reproduction, the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced
- Asexual reproduction, where an organism creates a copy of itself; there is no genetic contribution from another organism
- Sexual reproduction, where two organisms contribute genetic material in the creation of a new individual organism
- Self-replication, mechanical, memetic and other form of self-replication
- Reproduction (economics), in Marxian economics, recurrent (or cyclical) processes by which the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re-created
- Reproduction (album), a 1979 album by British electronic band The Human League
- Reproductions (album), a 2007 album by singer Charlotte Martin
- Reproducibility, the ability for a scientific experiment to be performed multiple times
- Reproduction Auto parts, remanufacturing of obsolete automotive spares
- Social (or cultural) reproduction, a sociological phenomenon
- Sound reproduction, audio recording and replay
Reproduction is the first album released by the British synthpop group The Human League. The album was released in October 1979 through Virgin Records.
In Marxian economics, economic reproduction refers to recurrent (or cyclical) processes Aglietta views economic reproduction as the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re-created. Marx viewed reproduction as the means by which society re-created itself, both materially and socially. The recreation of the conditions necessary for economic activity to take place was a key part of that. A capitalist would need to reproduce a certain social hierarchy of workers who owned nothing but their labor power and of others who controlled the capital necessary to make production start. Thus, the process of reproduction would need to recreate workers as workers, and capitalists as capitalists.
Economic reproduction involves the physical production and distribution of goods and services, the trade (the circulation via exchanges and transactions) of goods and services, and the consumption of goods and services (both productive or intermediate consumption and final consumption).
Karl Marx developed the original insights of Quesnay to model the circulation of capital, money, and commodities in the second volume of Das Kapital to show how the reproduction process that must occur in any type of society can take place in capitalist society by means of the circulation of capital.
Marx distinguishes between "simple reproduction" and "expanded (or enlarged) reproduction". In the former case, no economic growth occurs, while in the latter case, more is produced than is needed to maintain the economy at the given level, making economic growth possible. In the capitalist mode of production, the difference is that in the former case, the new surplus value created by wage-labour is spent by the employer on consumption (or hoarded), whereas in the latter case, part of it is reinvested in production.
Ernest Mandel additionally refers in his two-volume Marxist Economic Theory to contracted reproduction, meaning production on a smaller and smaller scale, in which case business operating at a loss outnumbers growing business (e.g., in wars, depressions, or disasters). Reproduction in this case continues to occur, but investment, employment, and output fall absolutely, so that the national income falls. In the Great Depression of the 1930s, for example, about one-quarter of the workers became unemployed; as a result of the 2008–9 slump, the unemployed labour force increased by about 30 million workers (a number approximately equal to the total workforce of France, or Britain).
Reproduction is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the cellular and molecular biology of reproduction, including the development of gametes and early embryos in all species; developmental processes such as cell differentiation, morphogenesis and related regulatory mechanisms in normal and disease models, assisted reproductive technologies in model systems and in a clinical environment, and reproductive endocrinology, immunology and physiology.
Emerging topics including cloning, the biology of embryonic stem cells, environmental effects on reproductive potential and health, and epigenetic effects on reproductive and developmental processes are also covered. The editor-in-chief is Kevin D. Sinclair ( University of Nottingham).
Reproduction is the journal of the Society for Reproduction and Fertility and is published by Bioscientifica. According to the ISI Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 3.184.
Usage examples of "reproduction".
A third hypothesis, which may be seen as complementary to the second, is that today capital continues to accumulate through subsumption in a cycle of expanded reproduction, but that increasingly it subsumes not the noncapitalist environment but its own capitalist terrain-that is, that the subsumption is no longer formal but real.
Absorption, assimilation, excretion, and also reproduction are performed by all classes of cells.
In the lower animals, the VNO sends messages along special nerves not only to the cortex but directly to the hypothalamus, where the emotions and reproduction are regulated.
Suppression of the menses, or any disorder of the uterine functions, may disqualify the female for reproduction.
The two dozen embryos arrayed upon the counter, each one no more than a few millimeters long and each suspended in a sterile dish containing an artificial growth medium of her own invention, were the end of a long and meticulous process of elimination and experimentation, expressly designed to create human embryos genetically superior to those created through the random genetic shuffling of ordinary reproduction.
Even by the early microscopists the nucleus was recognized, and during the first few years of the cell doctrine it was frequently looked upon as the most active part of the cell and as especially connected with its reproduction.
The speed with which that new virus reproduces is phenomenal, and its rate of reproduction is growing a millionfold every human generation.
One may notice a teacher of zoology, say, accustomed to address medical students, offend an audience by the use of the word reproduction, where parenthood would have served his turn.
Thus it is possible to speak of physical parenthood and of psychical parenthood, and thus not only to avoid the term reproduction, but to get better value out of its substitutes.
Grundy can tolerate the idea of parenthood, reproduction she cannot away with.
I based my work on the famous reproductions of the original Portland Vase made by Pargeter and John Northwood, dated 1876.
On Stratos, parthenogenetic reproduction is as easy or hard, as cheap or dear, as having babies the normal way.
The publishers, who are gaining a world-wide reputation for their photo process reproductions, have added to this book a series of fine phototype plates.
But then one should not forget that van Leeuwenhoek also looked at human semen, observed sperm, and described each individual spermatozoon as a perfectly formed, minuscule mannikin, thus reinforcing a long-held preformationist superstition about human reproduction that took at least another century to outgrow.
Marx described the processes of proletarianization in terms of primitive accumulation, the prior or previous accumulation necessary before capitalist production and reproduction can begin to take place.