What is "closure"

Closure \Clo"sure\ (kl[=o]"zh[-u]r; 135), n. [Of. closure, L. clausura, fr. clauedere to shut. See Close, v. t.]

1. The act of shutting; a closing; as, the closure of a chink.

2. That which closes or shuts; that by which separate parts are fastened or closed.

   Without a seal, wafer, or any closure whatever.
   --Pope.

3. That which incloses or confines; an inclosure.

   O thou bloody prison . . . Within the guilty closure of thy walls Richard the Second here was hacked to death.
   --Shak.

4. A conclusion; an end. [Obs.]
   --Shak.

5. (Parliamentary Practice) A method of putting an end to debate and securing an immediate vote upon a measure before a legislative body. It is similar in effect to the previous question. It was first introduced into the British House of Commons in 1882. The French word cl[^o]ture was originally applied to this proceeding.

6. (Math.) the property of being mathematically closed under some operation; -- said of sets.

7. (Math.) the intersection of all closed sets containing the given set.

8. (Psychol.) achievement of a sense of completeness and release from tension due to uncertainty; as, the closure afforded by the funeral of a loved one; also, the sense of completion thus achieved.

late 14c., "a barrier, a fence," from Old French closure "enclosure; that which encloses, fastening, hedge, wall, fence," also closture "barrier, division; enclosure, hedge, fence, wall" (12c., Modern French clôture), from Late Latin clausura "lock, fortress, a closing" (source of Italian chiusura), from past participle stem of Latin claudere "to close" (see close (v.)). Sense of "act of closing, bringing to a close" is from early 15c. In legislation, especially "closing or stopping of debate." Sense of "tendency to create ordered and satisfying wholes" is 1924, from Gestalt psychology.

n. 1 An event or occurrence that signifies an ending. 2 A feeling of completeness; the experience of an emotional conclusion, usually to a difficult period. 3 A device to facilitate temporary and repeatable opening and closing. 4 (context computer science English) An abstraction that represents a function within an environment, a context consisting of the variables that are both bound variable at a particular time during the execution of the program and that are within the function's scope. 5 (context mathematics English) The smallest set that both includes a given subset and possesses some given property. 6 (context topology of a set English) The smallest closed set which contains the given set. 7 The act of shutting; a closing. 8 That which closes or shuts; that by which separate parts are fastened or closed. 9 (context obsolete English) That which encloses or confines; an enclosure. 10 A method of ending a parliamentary debate and securing an immediate vote upon a measure before a legislative body.

1. n. approaching a particular destination; a coming closer; a narrowing of a gap; "the ship's rapid rate of closing gave them little time to avoid a collision" [syn: closing]

2. a rule for limiting or ending debate in a deliberative body [syn: cloture, gag rule, gag law]

3. a Gestalt principle of organization holding that there is an innate tendency to perceive incomplete objects as complete and to close or fill gaps and to perceive asymmetric stimuli as symmetric [syn: law of closure]

4. something settled or resolved; the outcome of decision making; "the finally reached a settlement with the union"; "they never did achieve a final resolution of their differences"; "he needed to grieve before he could achieve a sense of closure" [syn: settlement, resolution]

5. an obstruction in a pipe or tube; "we had to call a plumber to clear out the blockage in the drainpipe" [syn: blockage, block, occlusion, stop, stoppage]

6. the act of blocking [syn: blockage, occlusion]

7. termination of operations; "they regretted the closure of the day care center" [syn: closedown, closing, shutdown]

8. v. terminate debate by calling for a vote; "debate was closured"; "cloture the discussion" [syn: cloture]

In mathematics, the closure of a subset S in a topological space consists of all points in S plus the limit points of S. The closure of S is also defined as the union of S and its boundary. Intuitively, these are all the points in S and "near" S. A point which is in the closure of S is a point of closure of S. The notion of closure is in many ways dual to the notion of interior.

Closure or clausure may refer to:

Closure or need for closure (NFC) (used interchangeably with need for cognitive closure (NFCC)) are psychological terms that describe an individual's desire for a firm answer to a question and an aversion toward ambiguity. The term "need" denotes a motivated tendency to seek out information.

Closures are devices and techniques used to close or seal a bottle, jug, jar, tube, can, etc. Closures can be a cap, cover, lid, plug, etc.

Other types of containers such as boxes and drums may also have closures but are not discussed in this article.

1. Redirect Closure

Social closure refers to the phenomenon by which groups maintain their resources by the exclusion of others from their group based on varied criteria. Closure is ubiquitous, being found in groups all over the world at all sizes and classes. Some examples of social closure include, “Access to private schools follows explicit rules and depends on financial capacities; access to university depends on a certificate or diploma, eventually from certain schools only; membership in a highly prestigious club depends on economic and social capital and the respective social networks; and finally, in the case of migration, people will have to be eligible for citizenship and pass the thorny path of naturalization.”

In programming languages, closures (also lexical closures or function closures) are techniques for implementing lexically scoped name binding in languages with first-class functions. Operationally, a closure is a record storing a function together with an environment: a mapping associating each free variable of the function (variables that are used locally, but defined in an enclosing scope) with the value or reference to which the name was bound when the closure was created. A closure—unlike a plain function—allows the function to access those captured variables through the closure's copies of their values or references, even when the function is invoked outside their scope.

Example. The following program fragment defines a higher-order function startAt with a parameter x and a nested function incrementBy. The nested function incrementBy has access to x, because incrementBy is in the lexical scope of x, even though x is not local to incrementBy. The function startAt returns a closure containing a copy of the value of x or a copy of the reference to x from this invocation of startAt, and the function incrementBy, which adds the value of y to the value of x:

function startAt(x)
function incrementBy(y)
return x + y
return incrementBy

variable closure = startAt(1)
variable closure = startAt(5)

Note that, as startAt returns a function, the variables closure₁ and closure₂ are of function type. Invoking closure₁(3) will return 4, while invoking closure₂(3) will return 8. While closure₁ and closure₂ refer to the same function incrementBy, the associated environments differ, and invoking the closures will bind the name x to two distinct variables with different values in the two invocations, thus evaluating the function to different results.

A set has closure under an operation if performance of that operation on members of the set always produces a member of the same set; in this case we also say that the set is closed under the operation. For example, the positive integers are closed under addition, but not under subtraction: 1 − 2 is not a positive integer even though both 1 and 2 are positive integers. Another example is the set containing only zero, which is closed under addition, subtraction and multiplication (because 0 + 0 = 0, 0 − 0 = 0, and 0 × 0 = 0).

Similarly, a set is said to be closed under a collection of operations if it is closed under each of the operations individually.

Closure is a double VHS set by Nine Inch Nails released on November 25, 1997, and is the 12th official Nine Inch Nails release. It consists of one tape of live concert and behind-the-scenes footage from their Self-Destruct and Further Down the Spiral tours and one tape of music videos.

The first cassette's footage highlights the backstage antics by Nine Inch Nails and their tour guests: Marilyn Manson, Jim Rose Circus and David Bowie. One segment, in particular, is dedicated to Reznor's penchant at the time for violently destroying keyboards and other tour equipment each show.

The music videos on the second cassette are interspersed with snippets from educational films, as well as exclusive footage shot by Peter Christopherson which is reminiscent of the video for " Closer"; these segments include remixed music from the band's back catalogue, most prominently featuring "A Warm Place" and "The Art of Self Destruction, Final". Closure also contains snippets of the non-commercially released Broken movie. Footage from the Edison Manufacturing Company film Electrocuting an Elephant is shown before " March of the Pigs".

According to Russell Mills, who created the artwork, a live album was also planned as a companion to Closure and artwork was made for it, but the idea was scrapped. The unused paintings can be seen here.

Closure is a former Canadian alternative rock band formed in 2002 in Vancouver and previously signed to TVT Records. The group disbanded in 2006 after being dropped from their label. Their lead singer, Brian Howes, has moved on to a successful and award winning producing career.

"Closure" is the third and last single from alternative metal band Chevelle's second album Wonder What's Next. It features a dark, melodic verse that carries into a similarly melodic chorus ending in heavy guitar chords. The following verse continues with added aggression into the second chorus and heavy bridge.

A music video was produced for "Closure". It consists entirely of live performance footage.

The song has been briefly covered by Breaking Benjamin in 2004 and 2005.

Closure is an independent video game developed by programmer Tyler Glaiel and artist Jon Schubbe with music and sound by Chris Rhyne. Originally released as a Flash game of the same name on the website Newgrounds, a full version of the game has been developed for Microsoft Windows, Mac and PlayStation Network in Spring 2012. Additionally, the game made its Linux debut as part of Humble Indie Bundle 7 on December 19, 2012.

"Closure" is the debut single by Australian pop duo Scarlett Belle. It was written by Reigan Derry, Rudy Sandapa and Tamara Jaber, and produced by Sandapa. The song was released physically on 4 June 2010 and digitally on 18 June 2010. Upon its release, "Closure" peaked at number 38 on the ARIA Singles Chart.

Closure is a term used in the wine industry to refer to a stopper, the object used to seal a bottle and avoid harmful contact between the wine and oxygen.

They include:

• Traditional natural cork closures ('corks');
• alternative wine closures, such as screw caps, synthetic closures, glass closures.
• Historical applications no longer in use, such as wooden stoppers with cloth or wax

The choice of closure depends on issues such as the risk of cork taint, oxygen permeability and desired life of the wine. Another factor is consumer reaction, with the wine-buying public in Australia and New Zealand positive to alternative closures, while opinion is divided among consumers of the United States. In Europe, perceptions that associate screw caps with low-quality wine may be declining.

Synthetic wine bottle closures may allow for a controlled oxygen transfer rate.

"Closure" is the thirteenth song on Gabrielle's fifth studio album, Always and is written by Gabrielle and Julian Gallagher. The song is not going to be given a single or commercial release and is only available to download as an album track, however, a group of fans started a campaign to get "Closure" to enter the UK Singles top 40 Chart. (A similar campaign was launched by Spice Girls fans, attempting to get "Stop" to number 1).

After the previous single 'Every Little Teardrop failed to chart in the UK, the group of fans felt that another single release was needed with better marketing and promotion. The "Download Week", when Gabrielle fans plan to download "Closure", is set to be the week commencing 24 March 2008.

Some speculate that "Closure" is actually about her attempted suicide in 2004.

Closure is a compilation of live and acoustic songs recorded by the band Everclear. It was the first release to feature the new five-piece line-up of the band, that included Art Alexakis as the only remaining original band member. The 9-track cd was given out to fans who attended Everclear shows in the fall of 2004, the first of which was in Philadelphia on November 3, 2004.

The CD was never sold, and it is unknown how many copies exist. The title "Closure" refers to the fact that the release of Ten Years Gone: The Best of Everclear 1994-2004 was the band's last release on Capitol Records. All of the songs included on Closure are live or acoustic versions of songs that appeared on the band's previous Capitol releases.

The versions included on the CD were recorded in July 2004 for an XM session.

"Closure" is the eleventh episode of the seventh season of the science fiction television series The X-Files, and the 150th episode overall. It was directed by Kim Manners and written by series creator Chris Carter and Frank Spotnitz. The installment explores the series' overarching mythology and is the conclusion of a two-part episode revolving around the final revelation of what really happened to Fox Mulder's ( David Duchovny) sister, Samantha. Originally aired by the Fox network on February 13, 2000, "Closure" received a Nielsen rating of 9.1 and was seen by 15.35 million viewers. The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics; many felt that the final reveal was emotional and powerful, although some were unhappy with the resolution.

The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (Duchovny) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work, but the two have developed a deep friendship. In this episode, after Mulder is forced to accept that his mother’s death was by her own hand, he is led by a man whose son disappeared years earlier to another truth: that his sister, Samantha, was among the souls taken by ‘walk-ins’, saving the souls of children doomed to live unhappy lives.

"Closure" was a story milestone for the series, finally revealing Samantha's fate; this story-arc had driven a large part of the series' earlier episodes. The episode was written as a continuation to the previous episode, "Sein und Zeit," but branched off into different territory. Although a majority of the episode was filmed on a soundstage, several scenes were shot on location, such as the scenes at the former Norton Air Force Base in San Bernardino, California. Several of the sequences, specifically those featuring the souls of dead children, required elaborate filming techniques. The episode has been analyzed due to its themes of belief and hope.

Closure is the sixth studio album from hardcore band Integrity. The album was released on May 8, 2001 through Victory Records.

Closure is the term used to refer to the actions necessary when it is no longer necessary or possible for a business or other organization to continue to operate. Closure may be the result of a bankruptcy, where the organization lacks sufficient funds to continue operations, as a result of the proprietor of the business dying, as a result of a business being purchased by another organization (or a competitor) and shut down as superfluous, or because it is the non-surviving entity in a corporate merger. A closure may occur because the purpose for which the organization was created is no longer necessary.

While a closure is typically of a business or a non-profit organization, any entity which is created by human beings can be subject to a closure, from a single church to a whole religion, up to and including an entire country if, for some reason, it ceases to exist.

Closures are of two types, voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary closures of organizations are much rarer than involuntary ones, as, in the absence of some change making operations impossible or unnecessary, most operations will continue until something happens that causes a change requiring this situation.

The most common form of voluntary closure would be when those involved in an organization such as a social club, a band, or other non-profit organization decide to cease operating. Once the organization has paid any outstanding debts and completed any pending operations, closure may simply mean that the organization ceases to exist.

If an organization has debts that cannot be paid, it may be necessary to perform a liquidation of its assets. If there is anything left after the assets are converted to cash, in the case of a for-profit organization, the remainder is distributed to the stockholders; in the case of a non-profit, by law any remaining assets must be distributed to another non-profit.

If an organization has more debts than assets, it may have to declare bankruptcy. If the organization is viable, it may reorganizes itself as a result of the bankruptcy and continue operations. If it is not viable for the business to continue operating, then a closure occurs through a bankruptcy liquidation: its assets are liquidated, the creditors are paid from whatever assets could be liquidated, and the business ceases operations.

Possibly the largest "closure" in history (but more closely analogous to a demerger) was the split of the Soviet Union into its constituent countries. In comparison, the end of East Germany can be considered a merger rather than a closure as West Germany assumed all of the assets and liabilities of East Germany. The end of the Soviet Union was the equivalent of a closure through a bankruptcy liquidation, because while Russia assumed most of the assets and responsibilities of the former Soviet Union, it did not assume all of them. There have been issues over who is responsible for unpaid parking tickets accumulated by motor vehicles operated on behalf of diplomatic missions operated by the former Soviet Union in other countries, as Russia claims it is not responsible for them.

Several major business closures include the bankruptcy of the Penn Central railroad, the Enron scandals, and MCI Worldcom's bankruptcy and eventual merger into Verizon.

A closure experiment in atmospheric science is a combination of different measurement techniques to describe the current state of the investigated system as fully as possible, and to find inaccuracies in one or some of the methods involved. The comparison of different types of measurement often involves model calculations, which may also be tested in this process.

A common example for closure experiments are aerosol studies. Aerosols can be studied from space, from aircraft, and from the surface. The different properties of aerosols (chemical composition, particle size, particle number concentration, optical absorptivity, thermal emissivity, index of refraction, pattern of light scattering, etc.) require very different kinds of measurement techniques. Different instruments have been developed to implement each technique, and researchers are usually specialized to one or a few of them. Due to the logistic efforts required to bring different groups of researchers with different measurement techniques together, such experiments stand out among routine experiments that are more focused on one or a few techniques and have fewer participants.

An aerosol closure experiment might look like this:

• Individual aerosol particles are sampled, and their size and shape is determined under an electron microscope;
• A lidar emits a laser beam into the aerosol plume and detects the backscatter signal;
• An aerosol flow is led through optical detectors that record the size distribution of the particles;
• the sunlight attenuated by the aerosol is measured by a sun photometer, yielding the optical depth of the aerosol layer;
• the spectral absorption of sunlight, as well as the scattering properties of the aerosol are measured by spectrometers;
• the extent and total reflectivity of the aerosol plume is observed by a satellite radiometer.

Additionally, measurements can be performed within the plume or outside, by means of remote sensing, from the surface, from aircraft, and from satellites in space. Different viewing geometries again introduce complexity, which can be assessed in closure experiments.

Algorithms exist, for example, to predict the optical properties from a given particle shape, size distribution, and index of refraction. Closure is achieved if the predictions of such an algorithm agree (within the limits of measurement uncertainty) with the optical properties that have been derived from the independent radiation measurements; if the lidar information about the vertical distribution of the aerosol sums up to the total optical depth determined by the sun photometer; etc.

"Closure" is the ninth episode of the third season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division), revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they face a vengeful former agent and Hydra. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. The episode was written by Brent Fletcher, and directed by Kate Woods.

Clark Gregg reprises his role as Coulson from the film series, and is joined by series regulars Ming-Na Wen, Brett Dalton, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, Nick Blood, Adrianne Palicki, Henry Simmons, and Luke Mitchell.

"Closure" originally aired on ABC on December 1, 2015, and according to Nielsen Media Research, was watched by 3.84 million viewers.