adjective
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
foreign/external affairs (=events in other countries)
▪ the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
outside/external influence (=happening from outside a country or a situation)
▪ They must make their own decisions, free from external influence.
▪ The US remains the biggest outside influence on the country.
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ ADVERB
as
▪ In Middle-earth, then, both good and evil function as external powers and as inner impulses from the psyche.
▪ Motivation for learning is viewed as external.
▪ And both classes may include genes that originated as external, invading parasites.
▪ Unintelligent control appears as external domination.
▪ It is modified continuously as external data is received and transformed into information.
▪ The housewife refers to them as external obligations to which she feels a deep need to conform.
▪ So classes and nations fight it out, and conflict escalates as external authority is removed.
■ NOUN
affair
▪ We can see the results of this in both the internal and external affairs of the house.
▪ The rule protected States from intervention by other States in their external affairs and maintained the inherent bilateralism of international law.
▪ The Governor, representing the sovereign, is responsible for external affairs, defence and internal security.
agency
▪ In achieving these results, the college acknowledges the benefits of working in partnership with several external agencies.
▪ Inevitably review plays a great part in the process of quality control by external agencies.
▪ He feels that there is no way that an external agency can obtain the feel of a market place like Lloyd's.
▪ The existence of a partnership has also provided an appropriate forum through which external agencies can be channelled.
▪ During this period the system will have to be backed-up either by your previous in-house production methods or by external agencies.
▪ Referral to an assessment panel may come from staff or parents or external agencies.
▪ Do schools make the best use of external agencies?
▪ Could they liaise more with external agencies to develop a co-ordinated programme which makes the best use of their respective strengths?
appearance
▪ The many enchanting designs from that period are almost wholly devoted to external appearance, to cottages as features in the landscape.
▪ Finally, some explanation could be given for the long-known facts of the external appearance of crystals and their properties.
▪ Conservation Ruberlok is applied internally to the underside of the roof leaving the external appearance unchanged.
▪ They are often indistinguishable in external appearance from the larger nonconformist chapels in the next street.
▪ Nobody knows how many different species there might be, even in a taxonomy based on external appearance.
▪ Today Glascoed's external appearance is largely unchanged and its scale is as awesome as ever.
▪ Remember that the success behind this unit relies on a convincing external appearance.
auditor
▪ The proposals also aim to overcome the present problems relating to the independence, accountability and legal liability of external auditors.
▪ An external auditor will need to carry out detailed checking of records and procedures.
▪ For this reason a change of name is proposed from external auditors to external assessors.
▪ An external auditor must decide the scope of the work to be undertaken to discharge his or her duties.
▪ In this connection an external auditor will wish to consider what reliance should be placed on an internal audit.
▪ Review by another lawyer File audits Quality standards are monitored by internal and external auditors.
▪ And, in practice, the external auditor will take account of this in carrying out the statutory audit.
▪ However, because the ultimate responsibility is given to the external auditor, the role of the internal auditor is not emphasized.
benefit
▪ For instance volunteer groups create external benefits by improving the appearance of the environment, through best-kept village competitions or reclaiming old canals.
▪ Such benefits and costs are called spillover or external benefits and costs.
▪ Those provisions covered in-house benefits as well as external benefits.
▪ Goods which are completely rivalrous, by definition, can not yield external benefits.
▪ Some goods can give private and external benefits.
▪ These external benefits are enjoyed by all and so are non-rivalrous.
▪ Additional output of goods which yield external benefits can be obtained by giving subsidies to private sector firms for producing them.
▪ In the case of external benefits this does not normally raise any major problems because such cost is an isolated expenditure.
cause
▪ The external cause of the rhythms of urine formation comes from two sources: our diet and changes in posture.
▪ The important role of the environment in modifying behaviour, the external cause, has already been described.
▪ We try to establish what caused it - was it an internal or an external cause?
▪ The aim of this experiment is to study individuals under circumstances in which the external causes of rhythms are removed.
▪ There is, however, a possible external cause to them as well as, or instead of, the internal cause.
▪ The difficulty is that it is usually a mixture of both - in which case it all gets blamed on external causes.
▪ Unfortunately for us, internal and external causes do not always co-operate.
circumstances
▪ Given similar external circumstances, we might well have reacted as they have done, and we would have lost our children.
▪ You are thrown into it by your personal sense of responsibility, combined with a complex set of external circumstances.
constraint
▪ This is so because the former quite possibly face weaker external constraints and because management may not encounter such sophisticated incentive structures.
▪ First, there is the external constraint structure.
▪ Expert Systems Problem Solving/Minimisation Within a specific environment problems may be solved or they may only minimised depending upon external constraints imposed.
▪ In short, choice is narrowed by internal as well as external constraints.
▪ The results will provide deeper insight into the impact of external constraints and competing functional goals upon the firm's marketing effectiveness.
▪ These areas of conduct have become more subject to self-constraint and less subject to external constraint.
control
▪ Something is missing in this shift from internal to external control.
▪ It is particularly susceptible to external control leading to dependence rather than internal growth.
▪ Hierarchy simply served to protect the incompetent and the officious from external control through the mutual support of superiors and subordinates.
▪ Another useful preliminary distinction is that between external control over sentencing discretion as opposed to self-regulation practised by sentencers themselves.
course
▪ This foundation course is followed by the three-tier concept comprising shelf-help, in-house training and external courses.
▪ Advantage should be taken of external courses where these can be shown to be relevant and cost effective.
debt
▪ Despite this major problem, banks must endeavour to monitor the external debt position of countries.
▪ However, providing foreign currency receipts from exports are available to service external debt, no real problems should arise.
▪ A high ratio invariably means future output growth and, hopefully, improved external debt servicing capacity through increased exports.
▪ Naturally, large external debts were incurred to banks, foreign governments and world agencies.
▪ The overall external debt was US$6,900 million.
environment
▪ It simply indicates that the focus of attention is our thoughts rather than our external environment.
▪ There-fore, you often must convert or encode data from the external environment.
▪ Attention is focused on the external environment and markets, rather than customers.
▪ This activity will continue until the system breaks down internally or is subject to an intervention from the external environment.
▪ The intact skin acts as a barrier between the internal and the external environment which contains many potentially harmful agents.
▪ I feel that we can take control of our own destiny, no matter what the external environment says.
▪ Their survival depends on how they respond to changes in the external environment.
event
▪ Your jealousy is always triggered by some external event or happening.
▪ The interactive nature of external events, and your emotional and physical reactions to them, can make work toxic.
▪ Alternatively, an external event like the death of a loved one can precipitate change.
▪ This year, external events are expected to drive the Hong Kong market.
▪ You concentrate on external events only.
▪ This process supplies the enterprise with evidence of its capability to succeed, regardless of external events and circumstances.
▪ I could not affect external events, all I could change was my own response to them.
examination
▪ The first two will be assessed for certification by external examination while Investigating is assessed internally.
▪ Most of our pupils will be ready to sit the external examination in May of S5.
▪ Because of the devolved nature of National Certificate assessment, much more feedback is available than from a traditional external examination.
▪ More senior pupils in schools can use a word processor to write up projects or dissertations for internal or external examinations.
▪ Historically, she has laid much greater stress than her continental neighbours on sophisticated external examinations at the end of compulsory schooling.
examiner
▪ The subject examinations committee discusses moderations by the external examiner which may, of course, affect recommendations published in the examination booklet.
▪ The paper is corrected and assessed by the teacher and by one external examiner.
▪ Britain's teachers too would welcome more use of external examiners, to lighten their workload.
▪ Others feel that double marking is essential in order to be fair to students and external examiners.
factor
▪ Firstly, changing external factors meant that many plans became rapidly out of date and so they could never be implemented properly.
▪ We are not internally controlled in our actions but more externally controlled, and one of the external factors is the guilt.
▪ The proposition linking external factors to workshop behaviour rested on the first three studies.
▪ We examine why the road to our project might be closed by internal and external factors.
▪ A mixed picture emerged, characterised by a number of adverse external factors.
▪ What has been done, and what is morally judged, is partly determined by external factors.
▪ It is not influenced by external factors.
▪ The truth is that behaviour is caused simultaneously by a combination of internal and external factors.
forces
▪ An equilibrium achieved by balancing the internal and external forces along a continuous boundary will reveal the qualities of the skin.
▪ Similar claims regarding violation of sovereignty are made by almost every state experiencing substantial political violence generated by internal or external forces.
▪ Any assessment of Britain's economic performance has to take account of these powerful external forces.
▪ It helps these organizations ward off external forces and the prospect of change.
▪ At issue is whether these apparent climate shifts are driven by internal or external forces.
▪ The play portrays a good marriage torn apart by external forces.
▪ While internal forces were causing the expansion of the School, external forces were once again working to contract it.
influence
▪ Eating habits have changed under external influences, and it is not always easy for farming to adapt to such changes.
▪ First, remove the external influences to the maximum extent possible.
▪ The autonomic nervous system disperses and concentrates pigment throughout the body after external influences such as fear or temperature change.
▪ Here, networks use no external influences to adjust their weights.
▪ He saw that the alternative was to suppose that cells become different because they are exposed to different external influences.
▪ The rhythm is responding to an external influence that has not been controlled in the experimental protocol.
▪ It is quite possible that the Wandjina figures owe their origin to external influence.
information
▪ In the format for the interviews, the external information was divided into five categories as listed below.
▪ He is joined by Peter Fairbairn, 54, who has been appointed an external information technology consultant.
▪ Again, insufficient external information was raised as a difficulty, especially among less profitable organisations.
▪ Strategic direction and decision making are about choosing the right road, and they need a high degree of external information.
▪ It also provides access to many external information services.
▪ End user specified external information. 3.
object
▪ The senses, the imagination, and the judgment are the natural human powers concerned with external objects.
▪ We accept that the matter of reception of external objects by the senses is roughly universal.
▪ So what he says about external objects may be false in spite of being founded on observation.
▪ False perception can arise only if the nervous system has spontaneous activity independently of any causative external object.
▪ According to this conception, ideas may be internal sensations like pain; they may be perceptions of external objects and their qualities.
power
▪ In Middle-earth, then, both good and evil function as external powers and as inner impulses from the psyche.
▪ Such a piece of plutonium can maintain high temperatures without any external power supply, controls, or monitoring for many years.
▪ The negotiations with external powers were expected to be much more difficult.
▪ Accusations of cheating by the use of borrowed external power could easily be met.
▪ I intend to use an external power filter.
▪ They don't require an external power source, but are expensive and you can't use them with a desktop.
▪ There are connections for an external power amplifier or powered subwoofer.
▪ Many fishkeepers purchase an external power filter and use it for years with the same media.
pressure
▪ The securities industry also demonstrates particularly well the dangers of going international as a result of external pressure rather than internally-perceived opportunities.
▪ Q: Were you under tremendous external pressure to reach a deal?
▪ The overwhelming temptation and the external pressures will inevitably lead the other way; to take a quick decision and move on.
▪ There were many new external pressures to be considered.
▪ Secondly, each system is able to respond to internal and external pressures, and indeed must do so.
▪ It is small wonder that he sought quiet and freedom from external pressure to follow his inner vision.
▪ Pressures were transmitted to external pressure transducers and recorded on a polygraph.
▪ What weight is to be attached to environmental and other external pressures in understanding how its members live together?
reality
▪ The individual suspends his critical judgement and involvement in external reality to becoming passively absorbed in an imaginary world.
▪ Still, these external realities inform rather than dictate the novel.
▪ When it dropped her back inside the moment, the external realities of Kärtnerstrasse seemed a pastiche of the Middle Ages.
▪ In these projections the movement is not of external reality inward but of the self outward.
▪ These inner phantasies are projected into the external reality which is then re-incorporated as objective reality.
▪ A stronger sense of self, based on a combination of external reality and internal ideas, begins to emerge.
▪ Marx none the less believed that an external reality did exist, and that human consciousness could understand it.
▪ As such, the subject contains internal objects, representations which determine the relation to what is misleadingly called external reality.
source
▪ We shall in future also be making greater use of external sources of technology.
▪ It simply services all the other spending funds, by borrowing from external sources and lending internally.
▪ It is through this means that women can pull and attract others and draw into themselves energies from external sources.
▪ Whether is it typed in via the keyboard, generated via mouse movements or information received from any other external source.
▪ Advice on hardware is being obtained from external sources at present.
▪ They are increasingly being funded by external sources, such as industry.
▪ The communications network is designed to prevent unauthorised access to the system from external sources.
stimulus
▪ As a result, they do not merely react to external stimuli, they do not simply behave, they act.
▪ The trigger is usually some external stimulus, not necessarily an obvious one.
▪ They give rise to behavioural responses to external stimuli that are enduring and consistent within a person's psychological constitution.
▪ In the same way, external stimuli become incorporated into dreams in order to reduce their arousing effect.
▪ Cognitive social psychologists assume that it is pan of human nature to reduce uncertainty by processing the external stimulus world through schemata.
▪ In the past century the institutions and the external stimuli affecting the relation between finance and industry have been chopped and changed.
▪ We do not initiate action; we react to a series of external stimuli.
▪ More significantly, he also realized that this electrical activity was affected by external stimuli falling on the sense organs.
threat
▪ Yet except in times of war or acute external threat, this seems rarely to happen in modern democratic societies.
▪ But external threats can make for improbable subdivision bedfellows.
▪ Democratic states, like all others, survive through their ability to withstand external threats.
▪ A society, apparently working well, can stand impotent before its most domestic and external threats and important opportunities.
▪ The external threat has been Assad's biggest problem - and perhaps his own guarantee of survival.
▪ Both, however, were under external threat from barbarians more or less thinly disguised.
▪ Numerous nations have not only experienced external threats, but have been torn apart by internal struggle as well.
use
▪ Simple processing of forms and documents for internal and external use.
wall
▪ There will be a rolling maintenance programme of the external walls and roof to ensure they continue to be wind and watertight.
▪ Inside the Castle proper, buildings have external walls of stone some 9 inches thick for the most part.
▪ However, to public and professionals alike many old buildings are still regarded as representing little more than four external walls.
▪ At last there were just the external walls to be given a final coat of white paint.
▪ The building's external walls are faced in ironstone setts with Bath stone dressings to corners and door and window openings.
▪ The thin, external walls of the chimneys are porous and so oxygen from the outside atmosphere diffuses in.
▪ The external walls of the churches are decorated simply by pilaster strips and corbelled string courses with arcading, as in Lombardy.
▪ Beams enter the external walls only at the gables.
world
▪ Attachment Although desires are internal, they are all linked to the external world through objects.
▪ They were free from all boredom and all responsibility; until they reached Saturn, the external world did not exist.
▪ Both your internal and external world changed because some one spoke a few words.
▪ The external world through which Bob Jones moves denies continuity as ruthlessly as does his inner one.
▪ The ego is that part of the id which has through perception been modified by the external world.
▪ Through assimilation and accommodation, the external world one experiences is organized and given structure.
▪ A man of a few carefully-placed words, not to lose contact with the external world.
▪ The only world which modern man considers at all is the external world of which his senses make him cognizant.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪ external affairs
▪ An external auditor is brought in to examine the accounts.
▪ Dickins has been resisting external pressure to resign as the head of the organization.
▪ Most backpacks today have internal rather than external frames
▪ The external walls of the castle are beginning to crumble.
▪ There are no external signs of injury.
▪ Without external pressure, it is unlikely the civil rights abuses would have stopped.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪ Apart from the domestic danger of a disenfranchised population, there is an external danger also.
▪ However, cultural forms themselves are essentially external to human beings as actors.
▪ In their view, corporate strategies fail because they consider problems in the external environment but not those internal to the organization.
▪ Internal or external filters have many fans.
▪ Language itself is, however, learned through external transmission.
▪ Vertebrates do it by means of a backbone and internal skeleton, arthropods achieve structural rigidity by means of a tough external skeleton or shell.
▪ Williamson would stand as Exhibit A for changed external conditions.
▪ Zeno believed that people could govern their actions without the need for external compulsion.