What is "bbch-scale"

The BBCH-scale is a scale used to identify the phenological development stages of a plant. A series of BBCH-scales have been developed for a range of crop species. Phenological development stages of plants are used in a number of scientific disciplines ( crop physiology, phytopathology, entomology and plant breeding) and in the agriculture industry (timing of pesticide application, fertization, agricultural insurance). The BBCH-scale uses a decimal code system, which is divided into principal and secondary growth stages, and is based on the cereal code system ( Zadoks scale) developed by Zadoks

BBCH officially stands for "Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie". The abbreviation of the scale is also said to unofficially represent the four companies that initially sponsored its development; Bayer, BASF, Ciba-Geigy and Hoechst.

In biology, the BBCH-scale for beans describes the phenological development of bean plants using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of bean are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Germination

00

Dry seed

01

Beginning of seed imbibition

03

Seed imbibition complete

05

Radicle emerged from seed

07

Hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking through seed coat

08

Hypocotyl reaches the soil surface; hypocotyl arch visible

09

Emergence: hypocotyl with cotyledons break through soil surface (“cracking stage”)

1: Leaf development

10

Cotyledons completely unfolded

12

2 full leaves (first leaf pair unfolded)

13

3rd true leaf (first trifoliate leaf) unfolded

1 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

9 or more leaves (2 full leaves, 7 or more trifoliate) unfolded

2: Formation of side shoots

21

First side shoot visible

22

2nd side shoot visible

23

3rd side shoot visible

2 .

Stages continuous till . . .

29

9 or more side shoots visible

5: Inflorescence emergence

51

First flower buds visible

55

First flower buds enlarged

59

First petals visible, flowers still closed

6: Flowering

60

First flowers open (sporadically within the population)

61

Beginning of flowering: 10% of flowers open
Beginning of flowering

62

20% of flowers open

63

30% of flowers open

64

40% of flowers open

65

Full flowering: 50% of flowers open
Main flowering period

67

Flowering finishing: majority of petals fallen or dry1

69

End of flowering: first pods visible

7: Development of fruit

71

10% of pods have reached typical length Beginning of pot development

72

20% of pods have reached typical length

73

30% of pods have reached typical length

74

40% of pods have reached typical length

75

50% of pods have reached typical length, beans beginning to fill out Main pod development period

76

60% of pods have reached typical length

77

70% of pods have reached typical length, pods still break cleanly

78

80% of pods have reached typical length

79

Pods: individual beans easily visible

8: Ripening of fruit and seed

81

10% of pods ripe (beans hard)1
Seeds beginning to mature

82

20% of pods ripe (beans hard)

83

30% of pods ripe (beans hard)

84

40% of pods ripe (beans hard)

85

50% of pods ripe (beans hard)
Main period of ripening2

86

60% of pods ripe (beans hard)

87

70% of pods ripe (beans hard)

88

80% of pods ripe (beans hard)

89

Fully ripe: pods ripe (beans hard)

9: Senescence

97

Plants dead

99

Harvested product

1 For varieties with limited flowering period
2 For varieties in which the flowering period is not limited

The BBCH-scale for citrus is a classification system used in biology to describe the phenological development of citrus plants using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of citrus plants are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Sprouting/Bud development

00

Dormancy: leaf and inflorescence buds undifferentiated, closed and covered by green scales

01

Beginning of bud swelling

03

End of bud swelling: green scales slightly separated

07

Beginning of bud burst

09

Green leaf tips visible

1: Leaf development

10

First leaves separating: green scales slightly open, leaves emerging

11

First leaves visible

15

More leaves visible, not yet at full size

19

First leaves fully expanded

3: Shoot development

31

Beginning of shoot growth: axes of developing shoots visible

32

Shoots about 20% of final length

39

Shoots about 90% of final length

5: Inflorescence emergence

51

Inflorescence buds swelling: buds closed, light green scales visible

53

Bud burst: scales separated, floral tips visible

55

Flowers visible, still closed (green bud), borne on single or multiflowered leafy or leafless inflorescences

56

Flower petals elongating; sepals covering half corolla (white bud)

57

Sepals open: petal tips visible; flowers with white or purplish petals, still closed

59

Most flowers with petals forming a hollow ball

6: Flowering

60

First flowers open

61

Beginning of flowering: about 10% of flowers open

65

Full flowering: 50% of flowers open; first petals falling

67

Flowers fading: majority of petals fallen

69

End of flowering: all petals fallen

7: Development of fruit

71

Fruit set; beginning of ovary growth; beginning of fruitlets abscission

72

Green fruit surrounded by sepal crown

73

Some fruits slightly yellow: beginning of physiological fruit drop

74

Fruits about 40% of final size. Dark green fruit: end of physiological fruit drop

79

Fruits about 90% of final size

8: Maturity of fruit

81

Beginning of fruit colouring (colour-break)

83

Fruit ripe for picking; fruit has not yet developed variety-specific colour

85

Advanced ripening; increase in intensity of variety-specific colour

89

Fruit ripe for consumption; fruit has typical taste and firmness; beginning of senescence and fruit abscission

9: Senescence, beginning of dormancy

91

Shoot growth complete; foliage fully green

93

Beginning of senescence and abscission of old leaves

97

Winter dormancy period

In biology, the BBCH-scale for beet describes the phenological development of beet plants using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of beet are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Germination

00

Dry seed

01

Beginning of imbibition: seeds begins to take up water

03

Seed imbibition complete (pellet cracked)

05

Radicle emerged from seed (pellet)

07

Shoot emerged from seed (pellet)

09

Emergence: shoot emerges through soil surface

1: Leaf development (youth stage)

10

First leaf visible (pinhead-size): cotyledons horizontally unfolded

11

First pair of leaves visible, not yet unfolded (pea-size)

12

2 leaves (first pair of leaves) unfolded

14

4 leaves (2nd pair of leaves) unfolded

15

5 leaves unfolded

1 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

9 and more leaves unfolded

3: Rosette growth (crop cover)

31

Beginning of crop cover: leaves cover 10% of ground

32

Leaves cover 20% of ground

33

Leaves cover 30% of ground

34

Leaves cover 40% of ground

35

Leaves cover 50% of ground

36

Leaves cover 60% of ground

37

Leaves cover 70% of ground

38

Leaves cover 80% of ground

39

Crop cover complete: leaves cover 90% of ground

4: Development of harvestable vegetative plant parts Beet root

49

Beet root has reached harvestable size

5: Inflorescence emergence (2nd year of growth)

51

Beginning of elongation of main stem

52

Main stem 20 cm long

53

Side shoot buds visible on main stem

54

Side shoots clearly visible on main stem

55

First individual flower buds on side shoots visible

59

First bracts visible; flower buds still closed

6: Flowering

60

First flowers open

61

Beginning of flowering: 10% of flowers open

62

20% of flowers open

63

30% of flowers open

64

40% of flowers open

65

Full flowering: 50% of flowers open

67

Flowering declining: 70% of flowers open or dry

69

End of flowering: all flowers dry, fruit set visible

7: Development of fruit

71

Beginning of seed development: seeds visible in infructescence

75

Pericarp green; fruit still mouldable; perisperm milky; colour of seed coat: beige

8: Ripening

81

Beginning of ripening: pericarp green-brown, seed coat light brown

85

Pericarp light brown, seed coat reddish brown

87

Pericarp hard, seed coat dark brown

89

Fully ripe: seed coat final colour (specific to variety and species), perisperm hard

9: Senescence

91

Beginning of leaf discolouration

93

Most leaves yellowish

95

50% of leaves brownish

97

Leaves dead

99

Harvested product (seeds)

In biology, the BBCH-scale for grapes describes the phenological development of grapes using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of grapes are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Sprouting/Bud development

00

Dormancy: winter buds pointed to rounded, light or dark brown according to cultivar; bud scales more or less closed according to cultivar

01

Beginning of bud swelling: buds begin to expand inside the bud scales

03

End of bud swelling: buds swollen, but not green

05

“Wool stage”: brown wool clearly visible

07

Beginning of bud burst: green shoot tips just visible

09

Bud burst: green shoot tips clearly visible

1: Leaf development

11

First leaf unfolded and spread away from shoot

12

2nd leaves unfolded

13

3rd leaves unfolded

1 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

9 or more leaves unfolded

5: Inflorescence emerge

53

Inflorescences clearly visible

55

Inflorescences swelling, flowers closely pressed together

57

Inflorescences fully developed; flowers separating

6: Flowering

60

First flowerhoods detached from the receptacle

61

Beginning of flowering: 10% of flowerhoods fallen

62

20% of flowerhoods fallen

63

Early flowering: 30% of flowerhoods fallen

64

40% of flowerhoods fallen

65

Full flowering: 50% of flowerhoods fallen

66

60% of flowerhoods fallen

67

70% of flowerhoods fallen

68

80% of flowerhoods fallen

69

End of flowering

7: Development of fruits

71

Fruit set: young fruits begin to swell, remains of flowers lost

73

Berries groat-sized, bunches begin to hang

75

Berries pea-sized, bunches hang

77

Berries beginning to touch

79

Majority of berries touching

8: Ripening of berries

81

Beginning of ripening: berries begin to develop variety-specific colour

83

Berries developing colour

85

Softening of berries

89

Berries ripe for harvest

9: Senescence

91

After harvest; end of wood maturation

92

Beginning of leaf discolouration

93

Beginning of leaf-fall

95

50% of leaves fallen

97

End of leaf-fall

99

Harvested product

The BBCH-scale (potato) identifies the phenological development stages of a potato (Solanum tuberosum). It is a plant species-specific version of the BBCH-scale.

Growth stage

Code

Description

2 digit

3 digit

0: Sprouting/Germination

00

000

01

001

Beginning of sprouting: Beginning of sprouts visible (< 1 mm) seed imbibition

02

002

Sprouts upright (< 2 mm)

03

003

End of dormancy: sprouts 2–3 mm Seed imbibition complete

05

005

Beginning of root formation Radicle (root) emerged from seed

07

007

Beginning of stem formation Hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking

08

008

Stems growing towards soil surface, Hypocotyl with formation of scale leaves in the axils; cotyledons growing of which stolons will develop later towards soil surface

09

009

Emergence: stems break through soil surface; cotyledons break through soil surface

021–029

1: Leaf development

10

100

11

101

First leaf of main stem unfolded (> 4 cm)

12

102

Second leaf of main stem unfolded (> 4 cm)

13

103

Third leaf of main stem unfolded (> 4 cm)

1 .

10 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

109

Nine or more leaves of main stem unfolded (> 4 cm) (2 digit); 9 leaves of main stem unfolded (> 4 cm) (3 digit)

110

Tenth leaf of main stem unfolded (> 4 cm)

11 .

Stages continuous till . . .

119

Nineteenth leaf of main stem unfolded (> 4 cm)

121

First leaf of second order branch above first inflorescence unfolded (> 4 cm)

122

Second leaf of second order branch above first inflorescence unfolded (> 4 cm)

12 .

Stages continuous till . . .

131

First leaf of third order branch above second inflorescence unfolded (> 4 cm)

132

Second leaf of third order branch above second inflorescence unfolded (> 4 cm)

13 .

Stages continuous till . . .

1NX

Xth leaf of nth order branch above (n-1)th inflorescence unfolded (> 4 cm)

2: Formation of basal side shoots below and above soil surface (main stem)

21

201

22

202

Second basal side shoot visible (> 5 cm)

23

203

Third basal side shoot visible (> 5 cm)

2 .

20 .

Stages continuous till . . .

29

209

Nine or more basal side shoots visible (> 5 cm)

3: Main stem elongation (crop cover)

31

301

32

302

20% of plants meet between rows

33

303

30% of plants meet between rows

34

304

40% of plants meet between rows

35

305

50% of plants meet between rows

36

306

60% of plants meet between rows

37

307

70% of plants meet between rows

38

308

80% of plants meet between rows

39

309

Crop cover complete: about 90% of plants meet between rows

4: Tuber formation

40

400

41

401

10% of total final tuber mass reached

42

402

20% of total final tuber mass reached

43

403

30% of total final tuber mass reached

44

404

40% of total final tuber mass reached

45

405

50% of total final tuber mass reached

46

406

60% of total final tuber mass reached

47

407

70% of total final tuber mass reached

48

408

Maximum of total tuber mass reached, tubers detach easily from stolons, skin set not yet complete (skin easily removable with thumb)

49

409

Skin set complete: (skin at apical end of tuber not removable with thumb) 95% of tubers in this stage

5: Inflorescence (cyme) emergence

51

501

55

505

Buds of first inflorescence extended to 5 mm

59

509

First flower petals of first inflorescence visible

521

Individual buds of second inflorescence visible (second order branch)

525

Buds of second inflorescence extended to 5 mm open (main stem)

529

First flower petals of second inflorescence visible above sepals

531

Individual buds of third inflorescence visible (third order branch)

535

Buds of third inflorescence extended to 5 mm

539

First flower petals of third inflorescence visible above sepals

5N .

Nth inflorescence emerging

6: Flowering

60

600

61

601

Beginning of flowering: 10% of flowers in the first inflorescence open (main stem)

62

602

20% of flowers in the first inflorescence open

63

603

30% of flowers in the first inflorescence open

64

604

40% of flowers in the first inflorescence open

65

605

Full flowering: 50% of flowers in the first inflorescence open

66

606

60% of flowers in the first inflorescence open

67

607

70% of flowers in the first inflorescence open

68

608

80% of flowers in the first inflorescence open

69

609

End of flowering in the first inflorescence

621

Beginning of flowering: 10% of flowers in the second inflorescence open (second order branch)

625

Full flowering: 50% of flowers in the second inflorescence open

629

End of flowering in the 2nd inflorescence

631

Beginning of flowering: 10% of flowers in the third inflorescence open (third order branch)

635

Full flowering: 50% of flowers in the third inflorescence open

639

End of flowering in the third inflorescence

6N .

Nth inflorescence flowering

6N9

End of flowering

7: Development of fruit

70

700

71

701

10% of berries in the first fructification have reached full size (main stem)

72

702

20% of berries in the first fructification have reached full size

73

703

30% of berries in the first fructification have reached full size

7 .

70 .

Stages continuous till . . .

721

10% of berries in the second fructification have reached full size (second order branch)

7N .

Development of berries in nth fructification

7N9

Nearly all berries in the nth fructification have reached full size (or have been shed)

8: Ripening of fruit and seed

81

801

85

805

Berries in the first fructification ochre-coloured or brownish

89

809

Berries in the first fructification shrivelled, seed dark

821

Berries in the second fructification still green, seed light-coloured (second order branch)

8N .

Ripening of fruit and seed in nth fructification

9: Senescence

91

901

93

903

Most of the leaves yellowish

95

905

50% of the leaves brownish

97

907

Leaves and stem dead, stems bleached and dry

99

909

Harvested product

1 For second generation sprouts
2 Stem development stops after termination of main stem by an inflorescence. Branches arise from axils of upper leaves of the main stem, exhibiting a sympodial branching pattern

In biology, the BBCH-scale for bulb vegetables describes the phenological development of bulb vegetable plants, such as onion, leek, garlic and shallot, using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of bulb vegetables are:

Growth stage

Code (2-digit)

Code (3-digit)

Description

0: Germination

00

000

Dry seed, dormant bulb

01

000

Beginning of seed imbibition

03

003

Seed imbibition complete

05

005

Radicle emerged from seed.
Roots appearing

07

007

Cotyledon breaking through seed coat

09

009

Emergence: cotyledon breaks through soil surface.
Green shoot visible

010

Cotyledon visible as hook

011

Hook stage: hooked cotyledon green

012

Whip stage: cotyledon has whip-like form

1: Leaf development (Main shoot)

10

100

Advanced whip stage: whip begins to die off

11

101

First leaf (> 3 cm) clearly visible

12

102

2nd leaf (> 3 cm) clearly visible

13

103

3rd leaf (> 3 cm)

1 .

10 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

109

9 or more leaves clearly visible

4: Development of harvestable vegetative plant parts

41

401

Leaf bases begin to thicken or extend

43

403

30% of the expected bulb or shaft diameter reached

45

405

50% of the expected bulb or shaft diameter reached

47

407

Bolting begins; in 10% of the plants leaves bent over
70% of the expected shaft length and diameter reached

48

408

Leaves bent over in 50% of plants

49

409

Leaves dead, bulb top dry; dormancy Growth complete; length and stem diameter typical for variety reached

5: Inflorescence emergence

51

501

Onion bulb begins to elongate

53

503

30% of the expected length of flower stem reached

55

505

Flower stem at full length; sheath closed

57

507

Sheath burst open

59

509

First flower petals visible; flowers still closed

6: Flowering

60

600

First flowers open (sporadically)

61

601

Beginning of flowering: 10% of flowers open

62

602

20% of flowers open

63

603

30% of flowers open

64

604

40% of flowers open

65

605

Full flowering: 50% of flowers open

67

607

Flowering finishing: 70% of petals fallen or dry

69

609

End of flowering

7: Development of fruit

71

701

First capsules formed

72

702

20% of capsules formed

73

703

30% of capsules formed

74

704

40% of capsules formed

75

705

50% of capsules formed

76

706

60% of capsules formed

77

707

70% of capsules formed

78

708

80% of capsules formed

79

709

Capsule development complete; seeds pale

8: Ripening of fruit and seed

81

801

Beginning of ripening: 10% of capsules ripe

85

805

First capsules bursting

89

809

Fully ripe: seeds black and hard

9: Senescence

92

902

Leaves and shoots beginning to discolour

95

905

50% of leaves yellow or dead

97

907

Plants or above ground parts dead

99

909

Harvested product (seeds)

1 Seed sown
2 Onion sets, shallot and garlic
3 For onions, garlic
4 For leek

In biology, the BBCH-scale for olive describes the phenological development of olive trees using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of olive trees are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Bud development

00

Foliar buds at the apex of shoots grown the previous crop-year are completely closed, sharp-pointed, stemless and ochrecoloured.

01

Foliar buds start to swell and open, showing the new foliar primordia.

03

Foliar buds lengthen and separate from the base.

07

External small leaves open, not completely separated, remaining joined by apices.

09

External small leaves opening further with their tips inter crossing.

1: Leaf development

11

First leaves completely separated. Grey-greenish coloured.

15

The leaves are more separated without reaching their final size. First leaves turn greenish on the upperside.

19

Leaves get the typical variety size and shape.

3: Shoot development

31

Shoots reach 10% of final size.

33

Shoots reach 30% of final size.

37

Shoots reach 70% of final size.

5: Inflorescence emergence.

50

Inflorescence buds in leaf axiles are completely closed. They are sharp-pointed, stemless and ochre-coloured.

51

Inflorescence buds start to swell on its stem.

52

Inflorescence buds open. Flower cluster development starts.

54

Flower cluster growing

55

Flower cluster totally expanded. Floral buds start to open.

57

The corolla, green-coloured, is longer than calyx.

59

The corolla changes from green to white colour.

6: Flowering

60

First flowers open.

61

Beginning of flowering: 10% of flowers open.

65

Full flowering: at least 50% of flowers open.

67

First petals falling.

68

Majority of petals fallen or faded.

69

End of flowering, fruit set, non-fertilized ovaries fallen.

7: Fruit development

71

Fruit size about 10% of final size.

75

Fruit size about 50% of final size. Stone starts to lignificate (it shows cutting resistance).

79

Fruit size about 90% of final size. Fruit suitable for picking green olives.

8: Maturity of fruit

80

Fruit deep green colour becomes light green, yellowish.

81

Beginning of fruit colouring.

85

Increasing of specific fruit colouring.

89

Harvest maturity: fruits get the typical variety colour, remaining turgid, suitable for oil extraction.

9: Senescence

92

Overripe: fruits lose turgidity and start to fall.

In biology, the BBCH-scale for canola describes the phenological development of canola plants using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of canola are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Germination

00

Dry seed

01

Beginning of seed imbibition

03

Seed imbibition complete

05

Radicle emerged from seed

07

Hypocotyl with cotyledons emerged from seed

08

Hypocotyl with cotyledons growing towards soil surface

09

Emergence: cotyledons emerge through soil surface

1: Leaf development

10

Cotyledons completely unfolded

11

First leaf unfolded

12

2 leaves unfolded

13

3 leaves unfolded

1 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

9 or more leaves unfolded

2: Formation of side shoots

20

No side shoots

21

Beginning of side shoot development: first side shoot detectable

22

2 side shoots detectable

23

3 side shoots detectable

2 .

Stages continuous till . . .

29

End of side shoot development: 9 or more side shoots detectable

3: Stem elongation

30

Beginning of stem elongation: no internodes (“rosette”)

31

1 visibly extended internode

32

2 visibly extended internodes

33

3 visibly extended internodes

3 .

Stages continuous till . . .

39

9 or more visibly extended internodes

5: Inflorescence emergence

50

Flower buds present, still enclosed by leaves

51

Flower buds visible from above (“green bud”)

52

Flower buds free, level with the youngest leaves

53

Flower buds raised above the youngest leaves

55

Individual flower buds (main inflorescence) visible but still closed

57

Individual flower buds (secondary inflorescences) visible but still closed

59

First petals visible, flower buds still closed (“yellow bud”)

6: Flowering

60

First flowers open

61

10% of flowers on main raceme open, main raceme elongating

62

20% of flowers on main raceme open

63

30% of flowers on main raceme open

64

40% of flowers on main raceme open

65

Full flowering: 50% flowers on main raceme open, older petals falling

67

Flowering declining: majority of petals fallen

69

End of flowering

7: Development of fruit

71

10% of pods have reached final size

72

20% of pods have reached final size

73

30% of pods have reached final size

74

40% of pods have reached final size

75

50% of pods have reached final size

76

60% of pods have reached final size

77

70% of pods have reached final size

78

80% of pods have reached final size

79

Nearly all pods have reached final size

8: Ripening

80

Beginning of ripening: seed green, filling pod cavity

81

10% of pods ripe, seeds dark and hard

82

20% of pods ripe, seeds dark and hard

83

30% of pods ripe, seeds dark and hard

84

40% of pods ripe, seeds dark and hard

85

50% of pods ripe, seeds dark and hard

86

60% of pods ripe, seeds dark and hard

87

70% of pods ripe, seeds dark and hard

88

80% of pods ripe, seeds dark and hard

89

Fully ripe: nearly all pods ripe, seeds dark and hard

9: Senescence

97

Plant dead and dry

99

Harvested product

1 Stem elongation may occur earlier than stage 19; in this case continue with stage 20
2 Visibly extended internode n develops between leaf n and leaf n+1

The BBCH-scale (solaneous fruit) identifies the phenological development stages of solaneous fruit ( tomato = Lycopersicon esculentum, aubergine = Solanum melongena, paprika = Capsicum annuum). It is a plant species specific version of the BBCH-scale.

colspan=3| Phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of solanaceous fruits

Code (2-digit)

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 0: Germination

00

01

03

05

07

09

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 1: Leaf development

10

11

12

13

1 .

19

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 2: Formation of side shoots

21

22

2 .

29

–

–

–

–

–

–

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 5: Inflorescence emergence

51

52

53

5 .

59

–

–

–

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 6: Flowering

61

62

63

6 .

69

–

–

–

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 7: Development of fruit

71

72

73

7 .

79

–

–

–

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 8: Ripening of fruit and seed

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 9: Senescence

97

99

1 For tomatoes with determinate stem growth, paprika and aubergines. In tomatoes with indeterminate stem growth and only one sympodial branch at the corresponding axis, the apical side shoot formation occurs concurrently with the emergence of the inflorescence (Principal growth stage 5), so that the coding within principal growth stage 2 is not necessary
2 For tomato
3 For paprika and aubergine

In biology, the BBCH-scale for coffee describes the phenological development of bean plants using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of coffee plants are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Germination, vegetative propagation

00

Dry seed (11-12% moisture content), beige color if parchment present or bluish-green if parchment and silver skin removed.
Cutting (orthotropic, mononodal, 60 mm long, two half trimmed leaves).
Stump with bulky nodes and no buds visible

01

Beginning of seed imbibition, bean swollen, whitish, no radicle visible.
Cutting planted in rooting media, no shoots visible, no callus visible

02

Seed imbibition complete, bean whitish, small swelling visible at one end of bean where the embryo is located.
Callus formation begins on cuttings.
Bud burst start on stumps

05

Seed radicle protrusion and hooking.
Shoot and root formation on the cuttings.
Green, rounded buds visible on the stumps

06

Elongation of radicle, formation of root hairs and lateral roots on seeds and cuttings.

07

Hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking through the seed coat.
Cuttings have formed shoots and branched roots.

09

Emergence: Seeds have emerged from soil and show the hypocotile with cotyledons still enclosed in the parchment.
The cuttings present roots 6–7 cm. long and shoots with 1-2 nodes.
Stumps show sprouts with first leaf initials.

1: Leaf development on main shoot of the young plant, and branches of the coffee tree

10

Cotyledons completely unfolded. First pair of true leaves separating on shoot or first pair of true leaves separating on branch of the coffee tree

11

first leaf pair unfolded, not yet at full size. Leaves are light green or bronze

12

2 leaf pairs unfolded, not yet at full size. Leaves are light green or bronze

13

3 leaf pairs unfolded, not yet full size. The third leaf pair from apex is dark green

14

4 leaf pairs unfolded. The fourth leaf pair from apex is dark green and has reached full size

1.

Stages continues till...

19

9 or more leaf pairs unfolded

2: Formation of branches (only for plants in the field)

20

First pair of primary branches are visible

21

10 pair of primary branches visible

22

20 pair of primary branches visible

23

30 pair of primary branches visible

2.

Stages continues till...

29

90 or more pairs of primary branches visible

3: Branch elongation

31

10 nodes present in the branch(es)

32

20 nodes present in the branch(es)

3.

Stages continues till...

39

90 or more nodes present in the branch(es)

5: Inflorescence emergence

51

Inflorescence buds swelling in leaf axils

53

Inflorescence buds burst and covered by brown mucilage; no flowers visible

57

Flowers visible, still closed and tightly join, borne on multiflowered inflorescence (3-4 flowers per inflorescence)

58

Flowers visible, untight, still closed, petals 4–6 mm long and green (dormant stage)

59

Flowers with petals elongated ( 6–10 mm long), still closed and white color.

6: Flowering

60

First flowers open

61

10% of flowers open

63

30% of flowers open

65

50% of flowers open

67

70% of flowers open

69

90% of flowers open

7: Development of fruit

70

Fruits visible as small yellowish berries

71

Fruit set: Beginning of berry growth. Fruits have reached 10% of final size (pinheads).

73

Fruits are light green and contents are liquid and crystalline.
Fruits have reached 30% of final size (fast growth).

75

Fruits are light green and its contents are liquid and crystalline.
Fruits have reached 50% of final size.

77

Fruits are dark green and its contents are solid and white.
Fruits have reached 70% of final size.

79

Fruits are pale green and its contents are solid and white. Physiological maturity is complete.
Fruits have reached 90% of final size.

8: Ripening of fruit and seed

81

Beginning of change of fruit coloration from pale green to yellow or red

85

Increase in intensity (variety-specific), yellow or red, fruit color; fruit not yet ready for picking.

88

Fruit is fully ripe color and ready for picking.

89

Overripe; beginning of darkening or drying; fruits stay on the tree or abscission begins.

9: Senescence

90

Shoots have completed their development; the plant appears of an intense dark green color, leaves are of normal size and harvest locates at the bottom part of the plant.

93

Older leaves change its color from deep green to yellow with red spots, and fall specially at harvesting time.

94

The foliage changes to a pale green color. Defoliation is observed on the bottom part of the main stem and lower branches.

97

The production zone has moved towards the upper parts in the main shoot and outer parts of branches, leaves are of smaller size than normal, strong defoliation is observed on the bottom and inner part of the plant, some dead branches are observed at the bottom.

98

The production zone is limited to a very few branches on the top of the shoot and a very few nodes on the tip of these branches, and the plant is heavily defoliated. A high-degree of senescence has been reached. 90% or more of the harvest completed.

99

Post harvest or storage treatments

In biology, the BBCH-scale for cotton describes the phenological development of cotton plants Gossypium hirsutum using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of cotton are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Germination

00

Dry seed

01

Beginning of seed imbibition

03

Seed imbibition complete

05

Radicle emerged from seed

06

Elongation of radicle

07

Hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking through seed coat

08

Hypocotyl with cotyledons growing towards soil surface

09

Emergence: hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking through soil surface (“crook stage”)

1: Leaf development (Main shoot)

10

Cotyledons completely unfolded

11

First true leaf unfolded

12

2nd true leaf unfolded

13

3rd true leaf unfolded

1 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

9 or more true leaves unfolded;1 no side shoots visible

2: Formation of side shoots

21

First vegetative side shoot (2nd order) visible

22

2 vegetative side shoots (2nd order) visible

23

3 vegetative side shoots (2nd order) visible

2 .

Stages continuous till . . .

29

9 or more vegetative side shoots (2nd order) visible

3: Main stem elongation (Crop cover)

31

Beginning of crop cover: 10% of plants meet between rows

32

20% of plants meet between rows

33

30% of plants meet between rows

34

40% of plants meet between rows

35

50% of plants meet between rows

36

60% of plants meet between rows

37

70% of plants meet between rows

38

80% of plants meet between rows

39

Canopy closure: 90% of the plants meet between rows

5: Inflorescence emergence (Main shoot)

51

First floral buds detectable (“pin-head square”)

52

First floral buds visible (“match-head square”)

55

Floral buds distinctly enlarged

59

Petals visible: floral buds still closed

6: Flowering

60

First flowers opened (sporadically within the population)

61

Beginning of flowering (“Early bloom”): 5–6 blooms / 25 ft of row (= 5–6 blooms / 7.5 meter of row)

65

Full flowering: (“Mid bloom”): 11 and more blooms / 25 ft of row = 11 and more blooms / 7.5 meter of row

67

Flowering finishing: majority of flowers faded (“Late bloom”)

69

End of flowering

7: Development of fruits and seeds

71

About 10% of bolls have attained their final size

72

About 20% of bolls have attained their final size

73

About 30% of bolls have attained their final size

74

About 40% of bolls have attained their final size

75

About 50% of bolls have attained their final size

76

About 60% of bolls have attained their final size

77

About 70% of bolls have attained their final size

78

About 80% of bolls have attained their final size

79

About 90% of bolls have attained their final size

8: Ripening of fruits and seeds

80

First open bolls on the first fruiting branches

81

Beginning of boll opening: about 10% of bolls open. Nodes Above White Flower (NAWF)

82

About 20% of bolls open

83

About 30% of bolls open. Nodes Above Cracked Boll (NACB)

84

About 40% of bolls open

85

About 50% of bolls open

86

About 60% of bolls open

87

About 70% of bolls open

88

About 80% of bolls open

89

About 90% of bolls open

9: Senescence

91

About 10% of leaves discoloured or fallen

92

About 20% of leaves discoloured or fallen

93

About 30% of leaves discoloured or fallen

94

About 40% of leaves discoloured or fallen

95

About 50% of leaves discoloured or fallen

96

About 60% of leaves discoloured or fallen

97

Above ground parts of plant dead; plant dormant

99

Harvested product (bolls and seeds)

1 Leaves are counted from the cotyledon node (= node 0)
2 Side shoot development may occur earlier, if there is a vegetative side shoot continue with principal growth stage 2. If there is a reproductive side shoot (fruiting branch) continue with the principal growth stage 5
3 Vegetative side shoots are counted from the cotyledon node
4 “pin-head square” or “match-head square” is the first square which forms at the first fruiting position of the first fruiting branch

In biology, the BBCH-scale for cucurbits describes the phenological development of cucurbits, such as cucumber, melon, pumpkin, marrow, squash, calabash and watermelon, using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of curcurbits are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

2 digits

3 digits

0: Germination

00

000

01

001

Beginning of seed imbibition

03

003

Seed imbibition complete

05

005

Radicle emerged from seed

07

007

Hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking through seed coat

09

009

Emergence: cotyledons break through soil surface

1: Leaf development

10

100

11

101

First true leaf on main stem fully unfolded

12

102

2nd true leaf on main stem unfolded

13

103

3rd true leaf on main stem unfolded

1 .

10 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

109

9 or more leaves on main stem unfolded (2digit)
9th leaf unfolded on main stem (3digit)

–

110

10th leaf on main stem unfolded

–

11 .

Stages continuous till . . .

–

119

19th leaf on main stem unfolded

2: Formation of side shoots

21

201

22

202

2nd primary side shoot visible

2 .

20 .

Stages continuous till . . .

29

209

9 or more primary side shoots visible

–

221

First secondary side shoot visible

–

22 .

Stages continuous till . . .

–

229

9th secondary side shoot visible

–

231

First tertiary side shoot visible

5: Inflorescence emergence

51

501

52

502

2nd flower initial with elongated ovary visible on main stem

53

503

3rd flower initial with elongated ovary visible on main stem

5 .

50 .

Stages continuous till . . .

59

509

9 or more flower initials with elongated ovary already visible on main stem

–

510

10 or more flower initials with elongated ovary already visible on main stem

–

51 .

Stages continuous till . . .

–

519

19 ore more flower initials with elongated ovary already visible on main stem

–

521

First flower initial visible on a secondary side shoot

–

531

First flower initial visible on a tertiary side shoot

6: Flowering

61

601

62

602

2nd flower open on main stem

63

603

3rd flower open on main stem

6 .

60 .

Stages continuous till . . .

69

609

9th flower open on main stem or 9 flowers on main stem already open

–

610

10th flower open on main stem or 10 flowers on main stem already open

–

61 .

Stages continuous till . . .

–

619

19th flower open on man stem ore more than 19 flowers on main stem already open

–

621

First flower on secondary side shoot open

–

631

First flower on tertiary side shoot open

7: Development of fruit

71

701

72

702

2nd fruit on main stem has reached typical size and form

73

703

3rd fruit on main stem has reached typical size and form

7 .

70 .

Stages continuous till . . .

79

709

9 or more fruits on main stem has reached typical size and form

–

721

First fruit on a secondary side shoot has reached typical size and form

–

731

First fruit on a tertiary side shoot has reached typical size and form

8: Ripening of fruit and seed

81

801

82

802

20% of fruits show typical fully ripe colour

83

803

30% of fruits show typical fully ripe colour

84

804

40% of fruits show typical fully ripe colour

85

805

50% of fruits show typical fully ripe colour

86

806

60% of fruits show typical fully ripe colour

87

807

70% of fruits show typical fully ripe colour

88

808

80% of fruits show typical fully ripe colour

89

809

Fully ripe: fruits have typical fully ripe colour

9: Senescence

97

907

99

909

Harvested product (seeds)

In biology, the BBCH-scale for currants describes the phenological development of currants, such as blackcurrants and redcurrants, using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of currants are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Sprouting/Bud development

00

Dormancy: leaf buds and the thicker inflorescence buds closed and covered by dark brown scales

01

Beginning of bud swelling: bud scales elongated

03

End of bud swelling: edges of bud scales light coloured

07

Beginning of bud burst: first green or red leaf tips just visible

09

Leaf tips extended beyond scales

1: Leaf development

10

Leaf tips above the bud scales: first leaves separating

11

First leaves unfolded (others still unfolding)

15

More leaves unfolded, not yet full size

19

First leaves fully expanded

3: Shoot development

31

Beginning of shoot growth: axes of developing shoots visible

32

Shoots about 20% of final length

33

Shoots about 30% of final length

3 .

Stages continuous till . . .

39

Shoots about 90% of final length

5: Inflorescence emergence

51

Inflorescence buds and leaf buds swelling: buds closed, light brown scales visible

53

Bud burst: scales separated light green but sections visible

54

Green or red leaf tips above bud scales

55

First flower buds (compact raceme) visible beside unfolded leaves

56

Beginning of raceme elongation

57

First flower bud separated on elongating raceme

59

Grape stage: all flower buds separated

6: Flowering

60

First flowers open

61

Beginning of flowering: about 10% of flowers open

65

Full flowering: at least 50% of flowers open, first petals falling

67

Flowers fading: majority of petals fallen

69

End of flowering: all petals fallen

7: Development of fruit

71

Beginning of fruit growth: first fruits visible at raceme base

72

20% of fruits formed

73

30% of fruits formed

74

40% of fruits formed

75

50% of fruits formed

76

60% of fruits formed

77

70% of fruits formed

78

80% of fruits formed

79

90% of fruits formed

8: Maturity of fruit and seed

81

Beginning of ripening: change to cultivar-specific fruit color

85

Advanced ripening: first berries at base of racemes have cultivar-specific color

87

Fruit ripe for picking: most berries ripe

89

Berries at base of racemes tending to drop (beginning of fruit abscission)

9: Senescence, beginning of dormancy

91

Shoot growth completed; terminal bud developed; foliage still fully green

92

Leaves begin to discolour

93

Beginning of leaf fall

95

50% of leaves discoloured or fallen

97

All leaves fallen

99

Harvested product

The BBCH-scale (stone) identifies the phenological development stages of stone fruit ( cherry = Prunus cerasus, plum = Prunus domestica ssp. domestica, peach = Prunus persica, apricot = Prunus ameriaca). It is a plant species specific version of the BBCH-scale.

colspan=2| Phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of stone fruit

Code

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 0: Sprouting/Bud development

00

01

03

09

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 1: Leaf development

10

11

19

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 3: Shoot development

31

32

33

3 .

39

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 5: Inflorescence emergence

51

53

54

55

56

57

59

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 6: Flowering

60

61

62

63

64

65

67

69

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 7: Development of fruit

71

72

73

75

76

77

78

79

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 8: Maturity of fruit and seed

81

85

87

89

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 9: Senescence, beginning of dormancy

91

92

93

95

97

99

1 From terminal bud

In biology, the BBCH-scale for faba beans describes the phenological development of faba beans using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of faba beans are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Germination

00

Dry seed

01

Beginning of seed imbibition

03

Seed imbibition complete

05

Radicle emerged from seed

07

Shoot emerged from seed (plumule apparent)

08

Shoot growing towards soil surface

09

Emergence: shoot emerges through soil surface

1: Leaf development

10

Pair of scale leaves visible (may be eaten or lost)

11

First leaf unfolded

12

2 leaves unfolded

13

3 leaves unfolded

1 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

9 or more leaves unfolded

2: Formation of side shoots

20

No side shoots

21

Beginning of side shoot development: first side shoot detectable

22

2 side shoots detectable

23

3 side shoots detectable

2 .

Stages continuous till . . .

29

End of side shoot development: 9 or more side shoots detectable

3: Stem elongation

30

Beginning of stem elongation

31

One visibly extended internode

32

2 visibly extended internodes

33

3 visibly extended internodes

3 .

Stages continuous till . . .

39

9 or more visibly extended internodes

5: Inflorescence emergence

50

Flower buds present, still enclosed by leaves

51

First flower buds visible outside leaves

55

First individual flower buds visible outside leaves but still closed

59

First petals visible, many individual flower buds, still closed

6: Flowering

60

First flowers open

61

Flowers open on first raceme

63

Flowers open 3 racemes per plant

65

Full flowering: flowers open on 5 racemes per plant

67

Flowering declining

69

End of flowering

7: Development of fruit

70

First pods have reached final length (“flat pod”)

71

10% of pods have reached final length

72

20% of pods have reached final length

73

30% of pods have reached final length

74

40% of pods have reached final length

75

50% of pods have reached final length

76

60% of pods have reached final length

77

70% of pods have reached final length

78

80% of pods have reached final length

79

Nearly all pods have reached final length

8: Ripening

80

Beginning of ripening: seed green, filling pod cavity

81

10% of pods ripe, seeds dry and hard

82

20% of pods ripe, seeds dry and hard

83

30% of pods ripe and dark, seeds dry and hard

84

40% of pods ripe and dark, seeds dry and hard

85

50% of pods ripe and dark, seeds dry and hard

86

60% of pods ripe and dark, seeds dry and hard

87

70% of pods ripe and dark, seeds dry and hard

88

80% of pods ripe and dark, seeds dry and hard

89

Fully ripe: nearly all pods dark, seeds dry and hard

9: Senescence

93

Stems begin to darken

95

50% of stems brown or black

97

Plant dead and dry

99

Harvested product

1 Stem elongation may occur earlier than stage 19; in this case continue with the principal stage 3
2 First internode extends from the scale leaf node to the first true leaf node

The BBCH-scale (strawberry) identifies the phenological development stages of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa). It is a plant species specific version of the BBCH-scale.

colspan=2| Phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of strawberry

Code

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 0: Sprouting/Bud development

00

03

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 1: Leaf development

10

11

12

13

1 .

19

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 4: Development of stolons and young plants

41

42

43

45

49

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 5: Inflorescence emergence

55

56

57

58

59

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 6: Flowering

60

61

65

67

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 7: Development of fruit

71

73

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 8: Maturity of fruit

81

85

87

89

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 9: Senescence, beginning of dormancy

91

92

93

97

1 Normally after the three leaf stage the bud development occurs in principal growth stage 5.

In biology, the BBCH-scale for hops describes the phenological development of Humulus lupulus ( hops) using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of hops are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Sprouting

00

Dormancy: rootstock without shoots (uncut)

01

Dormancy: rootstock without shoots (cut)

07

Rootstock with shoots (uncut)

08

Beginning of shoot-growth (rootstock cut)

09

Emergence: first shoots emerge at the soil surface

1: Leaf development

11

First pair of leaves unfolded

12

2nd pair of leaves unfolded (beginning of twining)

13

3rd pair of leaves unfolded

1 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

9 and more pairs of leaves unfolded

2: Formation of side shoots

21

First pair of side shoots visible

22

2nd pair of side shoots visible

23

3rd pair of side shoots visible

2 .

Stages continuous till . . .

29

Nine and more pairs of side shoots visible (secondary side shoots occur)

3: Elongation of bines

31

Bines have reached 10% of top wire height

32

Bines have reached 20% of top wire height

33

Bines have reached 30% of top wire height

3 .

Stages continuous till . . .

38

Plants have reached the top wire

39

End of bine growth

5: Inflorescence emergence

51

Inflorescence buds visible

55

Inflorescence buds enlarged

6: Flowering

61

Beginning of flowering: about 10% of flowers open

62

About 20% of flowers open

63

About 30% of flowers open

64

About 40% of flowers open

65

Full flowering: about 50% of flowers open

66

About 60% of flowers open

67

About 70% of flowers open

68

About 80% of flowers open

69

End of flowering

7: Development of cones

71

Beginning of cone development: 10% of inflorescences are cones

75

Cone development half way: all cones visible, cones soft, stigmas still present

79

Cone development complete: nearly all cones have reached full size

8: Maturity of cones

81

Beginning of maturity: 10% of cones are compact

82

20% of cones are compact

83

30% of cones are compact

84

40% of cones are compact

85

Advanced maturity: 50% of cones are compact

86

60% of cones are compact

87

70% of cones are compact

88

80% of cones are compact

89

Cones ripe for picking: cones closed; lupulin golden; aroma potential fully developed

9: Senescence, entry into dormancy

92

Overripeness: cones yellow-brown discoloured, aroma deterioration

97

Dormancy: leaves and stems dead

The BBCH-scale (sunflower) identifies the phenological development stages of the sunflower ( Helianthus annuus). It is a plant species specific version of the BBCH-scale.

colspan=2| Phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of sunflower

Code

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 0: Germination

00

01

03

05

06

07

08

09

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 1: Leaf development

10

12

14

15

16

17

18

19

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 3: Stem elongation

30

31

32

33

3 .

39

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 5: Inflorescence emergence

51

53

55

57

59

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 6: Flowering

61

63

65

67

69

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 7: Development of fruit

71

73

75

79

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 8: Ripening

80

81

83

85

87

89

colspan=2|Principal growth stage 9:

92

97

99

1 Stem elongation may occur earlier than stage 19; in this case continue with the principal stage 3

In biology, the BBCH-scale for musaceae describes the phenological development of musaceae using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of musaceae are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

2 digit

3 digit

4 digit

0: Sprouting or emergence

00

000

05

005

0005

1: Leaf development

10

100

1002

Leaf 1 at candela stage 2

1004

Leaf 1 at candela stage 4

1006

Leaf l at candela stage 6

1008

Leaf l at candela stage 8

11

101

1010

1012

One leaf completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 2

1014

One leaf completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 4

1016

One leaf completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 6

1018

One leaf completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 8

12

102

1020

1022

Two leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 2

1024

Two leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 4

1026

Two leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 6

1028

Two leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 8

13

103

1030

1032

Three leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 2

1034

Three leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 4

1036

Three leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 6

1038

Three leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 8 stages continue till...

19

109

1090

1092

Nine leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 2

1094

Nine leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 4

1096

Nine leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 6

1098

Nine leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 8 stages continue till...

119

1190

Nineteen or more leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 0

1192

Nineteen or more leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 2

1194

Nineteen or more leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 4

1196

Nineteen or more leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 6

1198

Nineteen or more leaves completely open and the youngest leaf at candela stage 8

2: Sucker formation

21

201

2011

1st sucker with visible sword leaf

2012

1st sucker with visible water leaf

22

202

2020

2021

2nd sucker with visible sword leaf

2022

2nd sucker with visible water leaf

23

203

2030

2031

3rd sucker with visible sword leaf

2032

3rd sucker with visible water leaf stages continue till...

29

209

2090

2091

nine or more suckers with visible sword leaf

2092

nine or more suckers with visible water leaf

3: Pseudostem elongation

35

305

39

309

3090

4: Leaf development of the sucker (sword sucker)

40

400

41

401

4011

4012

Development of the 2nd lanceolate leaf

4013

Development of the 3rd lanceolate leaf

4014

Development of the 4th lanceolate leaf

4015

Development of the 5th lanceolate leaf

4016

Development of the 6th lanceolate leaf

4017

Development of the 7th lanceolate leaf

4018

Development of the 8th lanceolate leaf

4019

Development of the 9th or more lanceolate leaves

45

405

4050

4051

Development of the 1st leaf of approx. 10 cm width

4052

Development of the 2nd leaf of approx. 10 cm width

4053

Development of the 3rd leaf of approx. 10 cm width

4054

Development of the 4th leaf of approx. 10 cm width

4055

Development of the 5th leaf of approx. 10 cm width

4056

Development of the 6th leaf of approx. 10 cm width

4057

Development of the 7th leaf of approx. 10 cm width

4058

Development of the 8th leaf of approx. 10 cm width

4059

Development of the 9th or more leaves of approx. 10 cm width

49

409

4090

5: Emergence of inflorescence

50

500

51

501

5010

52

502

5020

53

503

5030

54

504

5040

55

505

5050

59

509

5090

6: Flowering

60

600

61

601

6010

62

602

6020

63

603

6030

64

604

6040

65

605

6050

69

609

6090

7: Development of the fruit

70

700

71

701

7010

72

702

7020

73

703

7030

74

704

7040

75

705

7050

76

706

7060

77

707

7070

78

708

7080

79

709

7090

8: Ripening of the fruit

80

800

81

801

8010

82

802

8020

83

803

8030

84

804

8040

85

805

8050

86

806

8060

87

807

8070

88

808

8080

89

809

8090

Principal stage 9: Senescence and death

90

900

91

901

9010

93

903

9030

95

905

9050

97

907

9070

98

908

9080

• Harvested product
• post-harvest or storage treatments take place at stage 99, 909 or 9090

In biology, the BBCH-scale for other brassica vegetables describes the phenological development of vegetables such as brussels sprouts, cauliflower and broccoli using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of other brassica vegetables are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Germination

00

Dry seed

01

Beginning of seed imbibition

03

Seed imbibition complete

05

Radicle emerged from seed

07

Hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking through seed coat

09

Emergence: cotyledons break through soil surface

1: Leaf development (Main shoot)

10

Cotyledons completely unfolded; growing point or true leaf initial visible

11

First true leaf unfolded

12

2nd true leaf unfolded

13

3rd true leaf unfolded

1 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

9 or more true leaves unfolded

2: Formation of side shoots

21

First side shoot visible

22

2nd side shoot visible

23

3rd side shoot visible

2 .

Stages continuous till . . .

29

9 or more side shoots visible

3: Stem elongation of rosette growth

31

Main shoot has reached 10% of the expected height typical for the variety

32

Main shoot has reached 20% of the expected height typical for the variety

33

Main shoot has reached 30% of the expected height typical for the variety

34

Main shoot has reached 40% of the expected height typical for the variety

35

Main shoot has reached 50% of the expected height typical for the variety

36

Main shoot has reached 60% of the expected height typical for the variety

37

Main shoot has reached 70% of the expected height typical for the variety

38

Main shoot has reached 80% of the expected height typical for the variety

39

Main shoot has reached the height typical for the variety

4: Development of harvestable vegetative plant parts

41

Lateral buds begin to develop
Cauliflower heads begin to form;width of growing tip > 1 cm3

43

First sprouts tightly closed
30% of the expected head diameter reached

45

50% of the sprouts tightly closed
50% of the expected head diameter reached

46

60% of the sprouts tightly closed
60% of the expected head diameter reached

47

70% of the sprouts tightly closed
70% of the expected head diameter reached

48

80% of the sprouts tightly closed
80% of the expected head diameter reached

49

Sprouts below terminal bud tightly closed
Typical size and form reached; head tightly closed

5: Inflorescence emergence

51

Main inflorescence visible between uppermost leaves
Branches of inflorescence begin to elongate

55

First individual flowers visible (still closed)

59

First flower petals visible; flowers still closed

6: Flowering

60

First flowers open (sporadically)

61

Beginning of flowering: 10% of flowers open

62

20% of flowers open

63

30% of flowers open

64

40% of flowers open

65

Full flowering: 50% of flowers open

67

Flowering finishing: majority of petals fallen or dry

69

End of flowering

7: Development of fruit

71

First fruits formed

72

20% of fruits have reached typical size

73

30% of fruits have reached typical size

74

40% of fruits have reached typical size

75

50% of fruits have reached typical size

76

60% of fruits have reached typical size

77

70% of fruits have reached typical size

78

80% of fruits have reached typical size

79

Fruits have reached typical size

8: Ripening of fruit and seed

81

Beginning of ripening: 10% of fruits ripe

82

20% of fruits ripe

83

30% of fruits ripe

84

40% of fruits ripe

85

50% of fruits ripe

86

60% of fruits ripe

87

70% of fruits ripe

88

80% of fruits ripe

89

Fully ripe: seeds on the whole plant of typical color and hard

9: Senescence

92

Leaves and shoots beginning to discolour

95

50% of leaves yellow or dead

97

Plants dead

99

Harvested product (seeds)

1 For broccoli
2 For brussels sprout
3 For cauliflower and broccoli

In biology, the BBCH-scale for peas describes the phenological development of peas using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of peas are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Germination

00

Dry seed

01

Beginning of seed imbibition

03

Seed imbibition complete

05

Radicle emerged from seed

07

Shoot breaking through seed coat

08

Shoot growing towards soil surface; hypocotyl arch visible

09

Emergence: shoot breaks through soil surface (“cracking stage”)

1: Leaf development

10

Pair of scale leaves visible

11

First true leaf (with stipules) unfolded or first tendril developed

12

2 leaves (with stipules) unfolded or 2 tendrils developed

13

3 leaves (with stipules) unfolded or 3 tendrils developed

1 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

9 or more leaves (with stipules) unfolded or 9 or more tendrils developed

3: Stem elongation (Main shoot)

30

Beginning of stem elongation

31

1 visibly extended internode

32

2 visibly extended internodes

33

3 visibly extended internodes

3 .

Stages continuous till . . .

39

9 or more visibly extended internodes

5: Inflorescence emergence

51

First flower buds visible outside leaves

55

First separated flower buds visible outside leaves but still closed

59

First petals visible, flowers still closed

6: Flowering

60

First flowers open (sporadically within the population)

61

Beginning of flowering: 10% of flowers open

62

20% of flowers open

63

30% of flowers open

64

40% of flowers open

65

Full flowering: 50% of flowers open

67

Flowering declining

69

End of flowering

7: Development of fruit

71

10% of pods have reached typical length;
juice exudes if pressed

72

20% of pods have reached typical length;
juice exudes if pressed

73

30% of pods have reached typical length;
juice exudes if pressed.Tenderometer value: 80 TE

74

40% of pods have reached typical length;
juice exudes if pressed.Tenderometer value: 95 TE

75

50% of pods have reached typical length;
juice exudes if pressed.Tenderometer value: 105 TE

76

60% of pods have reached typical length;
juice exudes if pressed.Tenderometer value: 115 TE

77

70% of pods have reached typical length.
Tenderometer value: 130 TE

79

Pods have reached typical size (green ripe); peas fully formed

8: Ripening of fruit and seed

81

10% of pods ripe, seeds final colour, dry and hard

82

20% of pods ripe, seeds final colour, dry and hard

83

30% of pods ripe, seeds final colour, dry and hard

84

40% of pods ripe, seeds final colour, dry and hard

85

50% of pods ripe, seeds final colour, dry and hard

86

60% of pods ripe, seeds final colour, dry and hard

87

70% of pods ripe, seeds final colour, dry and hard

88

80% of pods ripe, seeds final colour, dry and hard

89

Fully ripe: all pods dry and brown. Seeds dry and hard (dry ripe)

9: Senescence

97

Plants dead and dry

99

Harvested product

1 The first internode extends from the scale leaf node to the first true leaf node

The BBCH-scale (weed) identifies the phenological development stages of weed species. It is a plant species specific version of the BBCH-scale.

D = Dicotyledons
G = Gramineae
M = Monocotyledons
P = Perennial plants
V = Development from vegetative parts or propagated organs
No code letter is used if the description applies to all groups of plants.

colspan=3| Phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of weeds

Code

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 0: Germination, sprouting, bud development

00

01

03

05

06

07

08

09

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 1: Leaf development (main shoot)

10

11

12

13

1 .

19

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 2: Formation of side shoots / tillering

21

22

23

2 .

29

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 3: Stem elongation /shoot development (main shoot)

30

31

32

33

G

3 .

39

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 4: vegetative propagation / booting (main shoot)

40

41

42

43

45

47

49

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 5: Inflorescence emergence (main shoot) / heading

51

55

59

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 6: Flowering (main shoot)

60

61

63

65

67

69

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 7: Development of fruit

71

79

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 8: Ripening or maturity of fruit and seed

81

89

colspan=3|Principal growth stage 9: Senescence, beginning of dormancy

97

In biology, the BBCH-scale for peanut describes the phenological development of peanuts using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of peanuts are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Germination

00

Dry seed

01

Beginning of seed imbibition

03

Seed imbibition complete

05

Radicle emerged from seed

07

Hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking through seed coat

08

Hypocotyl reaches the soil surface; hypocotyl arch visible

09

Emergence: hypocotyl with cotyledons arising above soil surface (“cracking stage”)

1: Leaf development (main shoot)

10

Cotyledons completely unfolded

11

First true leaf (pinnate) unfolded

12

2nd true leaf (pinnate) unfolded

13

3rd true leaf (pinnate) unfolded

1 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

9 or more true leaves unfolded.1 No side shoots visible

2: Formation of side shoots

21

1st side shoot visible

22

2nd side shoot visible

23

3rd side shoot visible

2 .

Stages continuous till . . .

29

9 or more side shoots visible

3: Main stem elongation (Crop cover)

31

Beginning of crop cover: 10% of plants meets between rows

32

20% of plants meets between rows

33

30% of plants meets between rows

34

40% of plants meets between rows

35

50% of plants meets between rows

36

60% of plants meets between rows

37

70% of plants meets between rows

38

80% of plants meets between rows

39

Crop cover complete: 90% of plants meets between rows

5: Inflorescence emergence

51

First inflorescence buds visible

55

First individual flower buds visible

59

First flower petals visible. Flower buds still closed

6: Flowering

61

Beginning of flowering

62

First carpophore pegs visible

63

Continuation of flowering

64

First carpophore pegs visibly elongated

65

Full flowering

66

First carpophore pegs penetrating the soil

67

Flowering declining

68

Tip of first carpophore pegs growing horizontally in the soil

69

End of flowering

7: Development of fruits and seeds

71

Beginning of pod development: tip of first carpophore pegs swollen (at least twice the original diameter)

73

Continuation of pod development: beginning of pod filling: first pods have attained final size and are ripening

75

Main phase of pod development: continuation of pod filling

77

Advanced pod filling

79

Fresh seeds fill the cavity of the pods which have attained their final size

8: Ripening of fruits and seeds

81

Beginning of ripening: about 10% of pods developed to final size are ripe

82

About 20% of pods developed to final size are ripe

83

Continuation of ripening: about 30% of pods developed to final size are ripe

84

About 40% of pods developed to final size are ripe

85

Main phase of ripening: about 50% of pods developed to final size are ripe

86

About 60% of pods developed to final size are ripe

87

Advanced ripening: about 70% of pods developed to final size are ripe

88

About 80% of pods developed to final size are ripe

89

Full maturity: nearly all pods developed to final size are ripe

9: Senescence

91

About 10% of above ground parts of plant dry

92

About 40% of above ground parts of plant dry

93

About 30% of above ground parts of plant dry

94

About 40% of above ground parts of plant dry

95

About 50% of above ground parts of plant dry

96

About 60% of above ground parts of plant dry

97

Above ground parts of plant dead

99

Harvested product

1 Leaves are counted from the cotyledon node (= node 0)
2 Side shoot development may occur earlier; in this case continue with principal growth stage 2
4 Only for varieties with a determinate flowering period
5 Criteria of maturity: Pericarp hard, with distinct texture, can be split open easily;

In biology, the BBCH-scale for pome fruit describes the phenological development of fruits such as apples and pears using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of pome fruit are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Sprouting/Bud development

00

Dormancy: leaf buds and the thicker inflorescence buds closed and covered by dark brown scales

01

Beginning of leaf bud swelling: buds visibly swollen, bud scales elongated, with light coloured patches

03

End of leaf bud swelling: bud scales light coloured with some parts densely covered by hairs

07

Beginning of bud break: first green leaf tips just visible

09

Green leaf tips about 5 mm above bud scales

1: Leaf development

10

Mouse-ear stage: Green leaf tips 10 mm above the bud scales; first leaves separating

11

First leaves unfolded (others still unfolding)

15

More leaves unfolded, not yet at full size

19

First leaves fully expanded

3: Shoot development

31

Beginning of shoot growth: axes of developing shoots visible

32

Shoots about 20% of final length

33

Shoots about 30% of final length

3 .

Stages continuous till . . .

39

Shoots about 90% of final length

5: Inflorescence emergence

51

Inflorescence buds swelling: bud scales elongated, with light coloured patches

52

End of bud swelling: light coloured bud scales visible with parts densely covered by hairs

53

Bud burst: green leaf tips enclosing flowers visible

54

Mouse-ear stage: green leaf tips 10 mm above bud scales; first leaves separating

55

Flower buds visible (still closed)

56

Green bud stage: single flowers separating (still closed)

57

Pink bud stage: flower petals elongating; sepals slightly open; petals just visible

59

Most flowers with petals forming a hollow ball

6: Flowering

60

First flowers open

61

Beginning of flowering: about 10% of flowers open

62

About 20% of flowers open

63

About 30% of flowers open

64

About 40% of flowers open

65

Full flowering: at least 50% of flowers open, first petals falling

67

Flowers fading: majority of petals fallen

69

End of flowering: all petals fallen

7: Development of fruit

71

Fruit size up to 10 mm; fruit fall after flowering

72

Fruit size up to 20 mm

73

Second fruit fall

74

Fruit diameter up to 40 mm; fruit erect
(T-stage: underside of fruit and stalk forming a T)

75

Fruit about half final size

76

Fruit about 60% final size

77

Fruit about 70% final size

78

Fruit about 80% final size

79

Fruit about 90% final size

8: Maturity of fruit and seed

81

Beginning of ripening: first appearance of cultivar-specific colour

85

Advanced ripening: increase in intensity of cultivar-specific colour

87

Fruit ripe for picking

89

Fruit ripe for consumption: fruit have typical taste and firmness

9: Senescence, beginning of dormancy

91

Shoot growth completed; terminal bud developed; foliage still fully green

92

Leaves begin to discolour

93

Beginning of leaf fall

95

50% of leaves discoloured

97

All leaves fallen

99

Harvested product

1 From terminal bud

The BBCH-scale (rice) identifies the phenological development stages of rice Oryza sativa. It is a plant species specific version of the BBCH-scale.

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Germination

00

Dry seed (caryopsis)

01

Beginning of seed imbibition

03

Seed imbibition complete (pigeon breast)

05

Radicle emerged from caryopsis

06

Radicle elongated, root hairs and/or side roots visible

07

Coleoptile emerged from caryopsis (in water-rice this stage occurs before stage 05)

09

Imperfect leaf emerges (still rolled) at the tip of the coleoptile

1: Leaf development

10

Imperfect leaf unrolled, tip of first true leaf visible

11

First leaf unfolded

12

2 leaves unfolded

13

3 leaves unfolded

1 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

9 or more leaves unfolded

2: Tillering3

21

Beginning of tillering: first tiller detectable

22

2 tillers detectable

23

3 tillers detectable

2 .

Stages continuous till ...

29

Maximum number of tillers detectable

3: Stem elongation

30

Panicle initiation or green ring stage: chlorophyll accumulates in the stem tissue, forming a green ring

32

Panicle formation: panicle 1–2 mm in length

34

Internode elongation or jointing stage: internodes begin to elongate, panicle more than 2 mm long (variety-dependent)

37

Flag leaf just visible, still rolled, panicle moving upwards

39

Flag leaf stage: flag leaf unfolded, collar regions (auricle and ligule) of flag leaf and penultimate leaf aligned (pre-boot stage)

4: Booting

41

Early boot stage: upper part of stem slightly thickened, sheath of flag leaf about 5 cm out of penultimate leaf sheath

43

Mid boot stage: sheath of flag leaf 5–10 cm out of the penultimate leaf sheath

45

Late boot stage: flag leaf sheath swollen, sheath of flag leaf more than 10 cm out of penultimate leaf sheath

47

Flag leaf sheath opening

49

Flag leaf sheath open

5: Inflorescence emergence, heading

51

Beginning of panicle emergence: tip of inflorescence emerged from sheath

52

20% of panicle emerged

53

30% of panicle emerged

54

40% of panicle emerged

55

Middle of panicle emergence: neck node still in sheath

56

60% of panicle emerged

57

70% of panicle emerged

58

80% of panicle emerged

59

End of panicle emergence: neck node level with the flag leaf auricle, anthers not yet visible

6: Flowering, anthesis

61

Beginning of flowering: anthers visible at top of panicle

65

Full flowering: anthers visible on most spikelets

69

End of flowering: all spikelets have completed flowering but some dehydrated anthers may remain

7: Development of fruit

71

Watery ripe: first grains have reached half their final size

73

Early milk

75

Medium milk: grain content milky

77

Late milk

8: Ripening

83

Early dough

85

Soft dough: grain content soft but dry, fingernail impression not held, grains and glumes still green

87

Hard dough: grain content solid, fingernail impression held

89

Fully ripe: grain hard, difficult to divide with thumbnail

9: Senescence

92

Over-ripe: grain very hard, cannot be dented by thumbnail

97

Plant dead and collapsing

99

Harvested product

1 A leaf is unfolded when its ligule is visible or the tip of the next leaf is visible
2 Tillering or stem elongation may occur earlier than stage 13; in this case continue with stages 21 or 30
3 If stem elongation begins before the end of tillering continue with stage 30
4 Flowering usually starts before stage 55; continue with principal stage 6

The BBCH-scale for root and stem vegetables identifies the phenological development stages of the root and stem vegetables such as carrot, celeriac, kohlrabi, chicory, radish and swede, using the BBCH-scale.

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Germination

00

Dry seed

01

Beginning of seed imbibition

03

Seed imbibition complete

05

Radicle emerged from seed

07

Hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking through seed coat

09

Emergence: cotyledons break through soil surface

1: Leaf development (Main shoot)

10

Cotyledons completely unfolded; growing point or true leaf initial visible

11

First true leaf unfolded

12

2nd true leaf unfolded

13

3rd true leaf unfolded

1 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

9 or more true leaves unfolded

4: Development of harvestable vegetative plant parts

41

Roots beginning to expand (diameter > 0,5 cm)

42

20% of the expected root diameter reached

43

30% of the expected root diameter reached

44

40% of the expected root diameter reached

45

50% of the expected root diameter reached

46

60% of the expected root diameter reached

47

70% of the expected root diameter reached

48

80% of the expected root diameter reached

49

Expansion complete; typical form and size of roots reached

5: Inflorescence emergence

51

Main shoot begins to elongate

53

30% of the expected height of the main shoot reached

55

First individual flowers of main inflorescence visible (still closed)

57

First individual flowers of secondary inflorescences visible (still closed)

59

First flower petals visible; flowers still closed

6: Flowering

60

First flowers open (sporadically)

61

Beginning of flowering: 10% of flowers open

62

20% of flowers open

63

30% of flowers open

64

40% of flowers open

65

Full flowering: 50% of flowers open

67

Flowering finishing: majority of petals fallen or dry

69

End of flowering

7: Development of fruit

71

First fruits formed

72

20% of fruits have reached typical size

73

30% of fruits have reached typical size

74

40% of fruits have reached typical size

75

50% of fruits have reached typical size

76

60% of fruits have reached typical size

77

70% of fruits have reached typical size

78

80% of fruits have reached typical size

79

Fruits have reached typical size

8: Rispening of fruit and seed

81

Beginning of ripening: 10% of fruits ripe, or 10% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

85

50% of the fruits ripe, or 50% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

89

Fully ripe: seeds on the whole plant of typical colour and hard

9: Senescence

92

Leaves and shoots beginning to discolour

95

50% of leaves yellow or dead

97

Plants or above ground parts dead

99

Harvested product (seeds)

In biology, the BBCH-scale for leafy vegetables forming heads describes the phenological development of leafy vegetables forming heads, such as cabbage, chinese cabbage, lettuce and endive, using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of leafy vegetables forming heads are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Germination

00

Dry seed

01

Beginning of seed imbibition

03

Seed imbibition complete

05

Radicle emerged from seed

07

Hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking through seed coat

09

Emergence: cotyledons break through soil surface

1: Leaf development (Main shoot)

10

Cotyledons completely unfolded; growing point or true leaf initial visible

11

First true leaf unfolded

12

2nd true leaf unfolded

13

3rd true leaf unfolded

1 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

9 or more true leaves unfolded

4: Development of harvestable vegetative plant parts

41

Heads begin to form: the two youngest leaves do not unfold

42

20% of the expected head size reached

43

30% of the expected head size reached

44

40% of the expected head size reached

45

50% of the expected head size reached

46

60% of the expected head size reached

47

70% of the expected head size reached

48

80% of the expected head size reached

49

Typical size, form and firmness of heads reached

5: Inflorescence emergence

51

Main shoot inside head begins to elongate

53

30% of the expected height of the main shoot reached

55

First individual flowers of main inflorescence visible (still closed)

57

First individual flowers of secondary inflorescences visible (still closed)

59

First flower petals visible; flowers still closed

6: Flowering

60

First flowers open (sporadically)

61

Beginning of flowering: 10% of flowers open

62

20% of flowers open

63

30% of flowers open

64

40% of flowers open

65

Full flowering: 50% of flowers open

67

Flowering finishing: majority of petals fallen or dry

69

End of flowering

7: Development of fruit

71

First fruits formed

72

20% of fruits have reached typical size

73

30% of fruits have reached typical size

74

40% of fruits have reached typical size

75

50% of fruits have reached typical size

76

60% of fruits have reached typical size

77

70% of fruits have reached typical size

78

80% of fruits have reached typical size

79

Fruits have reached typical size

8: Ripening of fruit and seed

81

Beginning of ripening: 10% of fruits ripe, or 10% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

82

20% of fruits ripe, or 20% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

83

30% of fruits ripe, or 30% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

84

40% of fruits ripe, or 40% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

85

50% of the fruits ripe, or 50% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

86

60% of fruits ripe, or 60% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

87

70% of fruits ripe, or 70% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

88

80% of fruits ripe, or 80% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

89

Fully ripe: seeds on the whole plant of typical colour and hard

9: Senescence

92

Leaves and shoots beginning to discolour

95

50% of leaves yellow or dead

97

Plants dead

99

Harvested product (seeds)

In biology, the BBCH-scale for leafy vegetables not forming heads describes the phenological development of leafy vegetables not forming heads, such as spinach, loosehead lettuce, and kale, using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of leafy vegetables not forming heads are:

Growth stage

Code

Description

0: Germination

00

Dry seed

01

Beginning of seed imbibition

03

Seed imbibition complete

05

Radicle emerged from seed

07

Hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking through seed coat

09

Emergence: cotyledons break through soil surface

1: Leaf development (Main shoot)

10

Cotyledons completely unfolded; growing point or true leaf initial visible

11

First true leaf unfolded

12

2nd true leaf unfolded

13

3rd true leaf unfolded

1 .

Stages continuous till . . .

19

9 or more true leaves unfolded

3: Stem elongation of rosette growth

33

Leaf rosette has reached 30% of the expected diameter typical for the variety. Main shoot has reached 30% of the expected height typical for the variety²

35

Leaf rosette has reached 50% of the expected diameter typical for the variety. Main shoot has reached 50% of the expected height typical for the variety²

37

Leaf rosette has reached 70% of the expected diameter typical for the variety. Main shoot has reached 70% of the expected height for the variety²

39

Rosette development completed Main shoot has reached the height typical for the variety²

4: Development of harvestable vegetative plant parts

41

10% of the leaf mass typical for the variety reached

42

20% of the leaf mass typical for the variety reached

43

30% of the leaf mass typical for the variety reached

44

40% of the leaf mass typical for the variety reached

45

50% of the leaf mass typical for the variety reached

46

60% of the leaf mass typical for the variety reached

47

70% of the leaf mass typical for the variety reached

48

80% of the leaf mass typical for the variety reached

49

Typical leaf mass reached

5: Inflorescence emergence

51

Main shoot begins to elongate Main inflorescence visible between uppermost leaves²

53

30% of the expected height of the main shoot reached

55

First individual flowers of main inflorescence visible (still closed)

59

First flower petals visible; flowers still closed

6: Flowering

60

First flowers open (sporadically)

61

Beginning of flowering: 10% of flowers open

62

20% of flowers open

63

30% of flowers open

64

40% of flowers open

65

Full flowering: 50% of flowers open

67

Flowering finishing: majority of petals fallen or dry

69

End of flowering

7: Development of fruit

71

First fruits formed

72

20% of fruits have reached typical size

73

30% of fruits have reached typical size

74

40% of fruits have reached typical size

75

50% of fruits have reached typical size

76

60% of fruits have reached typical size

77

70% of fruits have reached typical size

78

80% of fruits have reached typical size

79

Fruits have reached typical size

8: Ripening of fruit and seed

81

Beginning of ripening: 10% of fruits ripe, or 10% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

82

20% of fruits ripe, or 20% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

83

30% of fruits ripe, or 20% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

84

40% of fruits ripe, or 20% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

85

50% of fruits ripe, or 50% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

86

60% of fruits ripe, or 20% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

87

70% of fruits ripe, or 20% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

88

80% of fruits ripe, or 20% of seeds of typical colour, dry and hard

89

Fully ripe: seeds on the whole plant of typical colour and hard

9: Senescence

92

Leaves and shoots beginning to discolor

95

50% of leaves yellow or dead

97

Plants dead

99

Harvested product (seeds)

1 For letucce varieties without head, spinach and species with rosette-type growth
2 For kale and species without rosette growth