Crossword clues for pharmacology
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
The Collaborative International Dictionary
Pharmacology \Phar`ma*col"o*gy\, n. [Gr. fa`rmakon drug + -logy: cf. F. pharmacologie.]
Knowledge of drugs or medicines; the art of preparing medicines.
A treatise on the art of preparing medicines.
Douglas Harper's Etymology Dictionary
Wiktionary
n. 1 (context medicine English) The science of drugs including their origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use, and toxicology. 2 (context medicine English) The properties and reactions of drugs especially with relation to their therapeutic value.
WordNet
n. the science or study of drugs: their preparation and properties and uses and effects [syn: pharmacological medicine, materia medica]
Wikipedia
Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical and/or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism (sometimes the word pharmacon is used as a term to encompass these endogenous and exogenous bioactive species). More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals.
The field encompasses drug composition and properties, synthesis and drug design, molecular and cellular mechanisms, organ/systems mechanisms, signal transduction/cellular communication, molecular diagnostics, interactions, toxicology, chemical biology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. The two main areas of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. The former studies the effects of the drug on biological systems, and the latter the effects of biological systems on the drug. In broad terms, pharmacodynamics discusses the chemicals with biological receptors, and pharmacokinetics discusses the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of chemicals from the biological systems. Pharmacology is not synonymous with pharmacy and the two terms are frequently confused. Pharmacology, a biomedical science, deals with the research, discovery, and characterization of chemicals which show biological effects and the elucidation of cellular and organismal function in relation to these chemicals. In contrast, pharmacy, a health services profession, is concerned with application of the principles learned from pharmacology in its clinical settings; whether it be in a dispensing or clinical care role. In either field, the primary contrast between the two are their distinctions between direct-patient care, for pharmacy practice, and the science-oriented research field, driven by pharmacology.
The origins of clinical pharmacology date back to the Middle Ages in Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, Peter of Spain's Commentary on Isaac, and John of St Amand's Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas. Clinical pharmacology owes much of its foundation to the work of William Withering. Pharmacology as a scientific discipline did not further advance until the mid-19th century amid the great biomedical resurgence of that period. Before the second half of the nineteenth century, the remarkable potency and specificity of the actions of drugs such as morphine, quinine and digitalis were explained vaguely and with reference to extraordinary chemical powers and affinities to certain organs or tissues. The first pharmacology department was set up by Rudolf Buchheim in 1847, in recognition of the need to understand how therapeutic drugs and poisons produced their effects.
Early pharmacologists focused on natural substances, mainly plant extracts. Pharmacology developed in the 19th century as a biomedical science that applied the principles of scientific experimentation to therapeutic contexts. Today pharmacologists use genetics, molecular biology, chemistry, and other advanced tools to transform information about molecular mechanisms and targets into therapies directed against disease, defects or pathogens, and create methods for preventative care, diagnostics, and ultimately personalized medicine.
Usage examples of "pharmacology".
Long before the rest of the psychiatric community converted, he was preaching the doctrine that psychobiology was the key to the etiology of mental illness and pharmacology was the key to treatment.
The new processes that were developed changed not only medicine but pharmacology, agriculture, and dozens of other fields.
He once told me he had worked as a younger man in the Ministry of Health, within a facility he called the Institute of Pharmacology, in some sort of intelligence capacity.
The pharmacology institute specialized in developing toxins to induce paralysis or death.
Butuzov no longer worked at the pharmacology institute, what was he doing at the Yasenovo laboratory?
The thought that he was a surgeon in the company of pharmacology specialists, talking about their field of expertise rather than his, made him even more apprehensive.
Because my papers indicated that I had some experience in pharmacology, I was sent to work for him.
Lokos was a wealthy man, employed a large retinue of servants and saw to it that every minute his apprentices were not eating, sleeping or devoting to duties in shop, workrooms or garden, they were reading his extensive collection of works on pharmacology, human and animal physiology, differing theories respecting the treatment of wounds, injuries and illnesses, horticulture of herbs and a vast array of other interrelated subjects.
There, they had to convince the existing brain disciplines of their relevance - a problem that was never faced by certain other new subjects, such as pharmacology.
Rejuvenation pharmacology had been their main cash cow, and the reason they had so much influence in the Conselline Sept.
Paul-or the flesh-and-blood man whose memories he'd inherited-had traced the history of Copies back to the turn of the century, when researchers had begun to fine-tune the generic computer models used for surgical training and pharmacology, transforming them into customized versions able to predict the needs and problems of individual patients.
Paulor the flesh-and-blood man whose memories he'd inheritedhad traced the history of Copies back to the turn of the century, when researchers had begun to fine-tune the generic computer models used for surgical training and pharmacology, transforming them into customized versions able to predict the needs and problems of individual patients.
Walnut bookcases were crowded with journals about genetics, evolutionary theory, pharmacology and medicine.