What is "jack block"

Jack \Jack\ (j[a^]k), n. [F. Jacques James, L. Jacobus, Gr. ?, Heb. Ya 'aq[=o]b Jacob; prop., seizing by the heel; hence, a supplanter. Cf. Jacobite, Jockey.]

1. A familiar nickname of, or substitute for, John.

   You are John Rugby, and you are Jack Rugby.
   --Shak.

2. An impertinent or silly fellow; a simpleton; a boor; a clown; also, a servant; a rustic. ``Jack fool.''
   --Chaucer.

   Since every Jack became a gentleman, There 's many a gentle person made a Jack.
   --Shak.

3. A popular colloquial name for a sailor; -- called also Jack tar, and Jack afloat.

4. A mechanical contrivance, an auxiliary machine, or a subordinate part of a machine, rendering convenient service, and often supplying the place of a boy or attendant who was commonly called Jack; as:

   1. A device to pull off boots.

   2. A sawhorse or sawbuck.

   3. A machine or contrivance for turning a spit; a smoke jack, or kitchen jack. (b) (Mining) A wooden wedge for separating rocks rent by blasting. (e) (Knitting Machine) A lever for depressing the sinkers which push the loops down on the needles. (f) (Warping Machine) A grating to separate and guide the threads; a heck box. (g) (Spinning) A machine for twisting the sliver as it leaves the carding machine. (h) A compact, portable machine for planing metal. (i) A machine for slicking or pebbling leather. (k) A system of gearing driven by a horse power, for multiplying speed. (l) A hood or other device placed over a chimney or vent pipe, to prevent a back draught. (m) In the harpsichord, an intermediate piece communicating the action of the key to the quill; -- called also hopper. (n) In hunting, the pan or frame holding the fuel of the torch used to attract game at night; also, the light itself.
      --C. Hallock.

5. A portable machine variously constructed, for exerting great pressure, or lifting or moving a heavy body such as an automobile through a small distance. It consists of a lever, screw, rack and pinion, hydraulic press, or any simple combination of mechanical powers, working in a compact pedestal or support and operated by a lever, crank, capstan bar, etc. The name is often given to a jackscrew, which is a kind of jack.

6. The small bowl used as a mark in the game of bowls.
   --Shak.

   Like an uninstructed bowler who thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straight forward upon it.
   --Sir W. Scott.

7. The male of certain animals, as of the ass.

8. (Zo["o]l.)

   1. A young pike; a pickerel.

   2. The jurel.

   3. A large, California rock fish ( Sebastodes paucispinus); -- called also boccaccio, and m['e]rou.

   4. The wall-eyed pike.

9. A drinking measure holding half a pint; also, one holding a quarter of a pint. [Prov. Eng.]
   --Halliwell.

10. (Naut.)

    1. A flag, containing only the union, without the fly, usually hoisted on a jack staff at the bowsprit cap; -- called also union jack. The American jack is a small blue flag, with a star for each State.

    2. A bar of iron athwart ships at a topgallant masthead, to support a royal mast, and give spread to the royal shrouds; -- called also jack crosstree.
       --R. H. Dana, Jr.

11. The knave of a suit of playing cards.

12. (pl.) A game played with small (metallic, with tetrahedrally oriented spikes) objects (the jacks(1950+), formerly jackstones) that are tossed, caught, picked up, and arranged on a horizontal surface in various patterns; in the modern American game, the movements are accompanied by tossing or bouncing a rubber ball on the horizontal surface supporting the jacks. same as jackstones.

13. Money. [slang]

14. Apple jack.

15. Brandy. Note: Jack is used adjectively in various senses. It sometimes designates something cut short or diminished in size; as, a jack timber; a jack rafter; a jack arch, etc. Jack arch, an arch of the thickness of one brick. Jack back (Brewing & Malt Vinegar Manuf.), a cistern which receives the wort. See under 1st Back. Jack block (Naut.), a block fixed in the topgallant or royal rigging, used for raising and lowering light masts and spars. Jack boots, boots reaching above the knee; -- worn in the 17 century by soldiers; afterwards by fishermen, etc. Jack crosstree. (Naut.) See 10, b, above. Jack curlew (Zo["o]l.), the whimbrel. Jack frame. (Cotton Spinning) See 4 (g), above. Jack Frost, frost or cold weather personified as a mischievous person. Jack hare, a male hare. --Cowper. Jack lamp, a lamp for still hunting and camp use. See def. 4 (n.), above. Jack plane, a joiner's plane used for coarse work. Jack post, one of the posts which support the crank shaft of a deep-well-boring apparatus. Jack pot (Poker Playing), the name given to the stakes, contributions to which are made by each player successively, till such a hand is turned as shall take the ``pot,'' which is the sum total of all the bets. See also jackpot. Jack rabbit (Zo["o]l.), any one of several species of large American hares, having very large ears and long legs. The California species ( Lepus Californicus), and that of Texas and New Mexico ( Lepus callotis), have the tail black above, and the ears black at the tip. They do not become white in winter. The more northern prairie hare ( Lepus campestris) has the upper side of the tail white, and in winter its fur becomes nearly white. Jack rafter (Arch.), in England, one of the shorter rafters used in constructing a hip or valley roof; in the United States, any secondary roof timber, as the common rafters resting on purlins in a trussed roof; also, one of the pieces simulating extended rafters, used under the eaves in some styles of building. Jack salmon (Zo["o]l.), the wall-eyed pike, or glasseye. Jack sauce, an impudent fellow. [Colloq. & Obs.] Jack shaft (Mach.), the first intermediate shaft, in a factory or mill, which receives power, through belts or gearing, from a prime mover, and transmits it, by the same means, to other intermediate shafts or to a line shaft. Jack sinker (Knitting Mach.), a thin iron plate operated by the jack to depress the loop of thread between two needles. Jack snipe. (Zo["o]l.) See in the Vocabulary. Jack staff (Naut.), a staff fixed on the bowsprit cap, upon which the jack is hoisted. Jack timber (Arch.), any timber, as a rafter, rib, or studding, which, being intercepted, is shorter than the others. Jack towel, a towel hung on a roller for common use. Jack truss (Arch.), in a hip roof, a minor truss used where the roof has not its full section. Jack tree. (Bot.) See 1st Jack, n. Jack yard (Naut.), a short spar to extend a topsail beyond the gaff. Blue jack, blue vitriol; sulphate of copper. Hydraulic jack, a jack used for lifting, pulling, or forcing, consisting of a compact portable hydrostatic press, with its pump and a reservoir containing a supply of liquid, as oil. Jack-at-a-pinch.

    1. One called upon to take the place of another in an emergency.

    2. An itinerant parson who conducts an occasional service for a fee.

       Jack-at-all-trades, one who can turn his hand to any kind of work.

       Jack-by-the-hedge (Bot.), a plant of the genus Erysimum ( Erysimum alliaria, or Alliaria officinalis), which grows under hedges. It bears a white flower and has a taste not unlike garlic. Called also, in England, sauce-alone.
       --Eng. Cyc.

       Jack-in-office, an insolent fellow in authority.
       --Wolcott.

       Jack-in-the-bush (Bot.), a tropical shrub with red fruit ( Cordia Cylindrostachya).

       Jack-in-the-green, a chimney sweep inclosed in a framework of boughs, carried in Mayday processions.

       Jack-of-the-buttery (Bot.), the stonecrop ( Sedum acre).

       Jack-of-the-clock, a figure, usually of a man, on old clocks, which struck the time on the bell.

       Jack-on-both-sides, one who is or tries to be neutral.

       Jack-out-of-office, one who has been in office and is turned out.
       --Shak.

       Jack the Giant Killer, the hero of a well-known nursery story.

       Yellow Jack (Naut.), the yellow fever; also, the quarantine flag. See Yellow flag, under Flag.

n. (context nautical English) A block fixed in the topgallant or royal rigging, used for raising and lowering light masts and spars.

Jacob "Jack" Block (April 28, 1924 – January 13, 2010) was a notable psychology professor at UC Berkeley. His main areas of research were personality theory, personality development, research methodology, personality assessment, longitudinal research, and cognition. He often collaborated with his wife and colleague Jeanne Block.

His most renowned body of work, undertaken primarily with his wife, was a longitudinal study on a cohort of more than 100 San Francisco Bay Area toddlers. He studied them regularly for nearly 30 years. Unlike most longitudinal studies, the Blocks' focused on the psychological makeup and history of the subjects, rather than quantitative measures such as IQ. The study tracked how the subjects' background influenced their later choices and the outcomes of their lives.

Block was born in Brooklyn, New York, and received a bachelor's degree from Brooklyn College. He earned his Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1950. He received many awards over the years and was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

One of Block's studies drew particular notice in the news media. Published in The Journal of Research in Personality in 2006, it found that subjects who at 3 years old had seemed thin-skinned, rigid, inhibited and vulnerable tended at 23 to be political conservatives. On the other hand, 3-year-olds characterized as self-reliant, energetic, somewhat dominating and resilient were inclined to become liberals.