What is "intrabody"

The word "intrabody" can be used in several contexts:

• Intrabody (protein), a type of antibody acting within a cell
• Pertaining to biological processes occurring within the body of a human or animal (intra + body), such as signalling or movement of materials. The term has also been used loosely to refer to electronic signalling between devices worn on the body.
• Pertaining to a phenomenon within the vertebral body, such as intrabody disc herniation that extrudes material into the vertebral body.

In molecular biology, an intrabody (from intracellular and antibody) is an antibody that works within the cell to bind to an intracellular protein. Due to the lack of a reliable mechanism for bringing antibodies into a living cell from the extracellular environment, this typically requires the expression of the antibody within the target cell, which can be accomplished by gene therapy. As a result, intrabodies are defined as antibodies that have been modified for intracellular localization, and the term has rapidly come to be used even when antibodies are produced in prokaryotes or other non-target cells. This term can apply to several types of protein targeting: the antibody may remain in the cytoplasm, or it may have a nuclear localization signal, or it may undergo cotranslational translocation across the membrane into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, provided that it is retained in that compartment through a KDEL sequence.

Because antibodies ordinarily are designed to be secreted from the cell, intrabodies require special alterations, including the use of single-chain antibodies ( scFvs), modification of immunoglobulin VL domains for hyperstability, selection of antibodies resistant to the more reducing intracellular environment, or expression as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein or other stable intracellular proteins. Such optimizations have improved the stability and structure of intrabodies, allowing the publication of a variety of promising applications against hepatitis B, avian influenza, prion diseases, inflammation, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.