What is "hessian fly"

Hessian \Hes"sian\, a. Of or relating to Hesse, in Germany, or to the Hessians.

Hessian boots, or Hessians, boot of a kind worn in England, in the early part of the nineteenth century, tasseled in front.
--Thackeray.

Hessian cloth, or Hessians, a coarse hempen cloth for sacking.

Hessian crucible. See under Crucible.

Hessian fly (Zo["o]l.), a small dipterous fly or midge ( Cecidomyia destructor). Its larv[ae] live between the base of the lower leaves and the stalk of wheat, and are very destructive to young wheat; -- so called from the erroneous idea that it was brought into America by the Hessian troops, during the Revolution.

Cecidomyia \Cec`i*do*my"i*a\ (s[e^]s`[i^]*d[-o]*m[imac]"[i^]*[.a]), prop. n. [Nl., fr. Gr. khki`s, khki^dos, a gall nut + myi^a a fly.] (Zo["o]l.) A genus of small dipterous files, including several very injurious species, as the Hessian fly. See Hessian fly.

The Hessian fly or barley midge, Mayetiola destructor, is a species of fly that is a significant pest of cereal crops including wheat, barley and rye. Though a native of Asia it was transported into Europe and later into North America, supposedly in the straw bedding of Hessian troops during the American Revolution (1775–83). There are usually two generations a year but may be up to five. In the spring the dark-coloured female lays about 250 to 300 reddish eggs on plants, usually where the stems are covered by leaves; the larvae feed on the sap and weaken the plants so that they cannot bear grain. The hessian fly was described by Thomas Say in 1817. It is a very harmful insect. It mainly attacks the stem, although if it is really hungry it will eat any part of the plant it can find. In 1836 a severe infestation of Hessian flies resulted in a crop shortage aggravating the financial problems of farmers prior to the Panic of 1837.