Crossword clues for calculus
calculus
- Academic subject whose name means "pebble"
- Found in hollow organs or ducts of the body
- An incrustation that forms on the teeth and gums
- The branch of mathematics that is concerned with limits and with the differentiation and integration of functions
- A hard lump produced by the concretion of mineral salts
- Computing system you might find on chopper
- What dentists dislike – a branch of mathematics
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
The Collaborative International Dictionary
Mathematics \Math`e*mat"ics\, n. [F. math['e]matiques, pl., L. mathematica, sing., Gr. ? (sc. ?) science. See Mathematic, and -ics.] That science, or class of sciences, which treats of the exact relations existing between quantities or magnitudes, and of the methods by which, in accordance with these relations, quantities sought are deducible from other quantities known or supposed; the science of spatial and quantitative relations. Note: Mathematics embraces three departments, namely:
Arithmetic.
Geometry, including Trigonometry and Conic Sections.
Analysis, in which letters are used, including Algebra, Analytical Geometry, and Calculus. Each of these divisions is divided into pure or abstract, which considers magnitude or quantity abstractly, without relation to matter; and mixed or applied, which treats of magnitude as subsisting in material bodies, and is consequently interwoven with physical considerations.
Calculus \Cal"cu*lus\, n.; pl. Calculi. [L, calculus. See Calculate, and Calcule.]
(Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the body, but most frequent in the organs that act as reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as, biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.
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(Math.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may involve calculation.
Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other points to which co["e]fficients or weights are ascribed.
Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given conditions.
Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic that treats of all operations that satisfy given conditions.
Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the computation of the probabilities of events, or the application of numbers to chance.
Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities together are themselves subject to change.
Differential calculus, a method of investigating mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The problems are primarily of this form: to find how the change in some variable quantity alters at each instant the value of a quantity dependent upon it.
Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of exponents.
Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra.
Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the differential, the primary object of which is to learn from the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes themselves, or, in other words, from having the differential of an algebraic expression to find the expression itself.
Douglas Harper's Etymology Dictionary
1660s, from Latin calculus "reckoning, account," originally "pebble used as a reckoning counter," diminutive of calx (genitive calcis) "limestone" (see chalk (n.)). Modern mathematical sense is a shortening of differential calculus. Also used from 1732 to mean kidney stones, etc., then generally for "concretion occurring accidentally in the animal body," such as dental plaque. Related: Calculous (adj.).
Wiktionary
n. 1 (context dated countable English) calculation; computation. 2 (context countable mathematics English) Any formal system in which symbolic expressions are manipulated according to fixed rules. 3 (context uncountable often definite '''the calculus''' English) differential calculus and integral calculus considered as a single subject; analysis. 4 (context countable medicine English) A stony concretion that forms in a bodily organ. 5 (context uncountable dentistry English) Deposits of calcium phosphate salts on teeth. 6 (context countable English) A decision-making method, especially one appropriate for a specialised realm.
WordNet
n. a hard lump produced by the concretion of mineral salts; found in hollow organs or ducts of the body; "renal calculi can be very painful" [syn: concretion]
an incrustation that forms on the teeth and gums [syn: tartar, tophus]
the branch of mathematics that is concerned with limits and with the differentiation and integration of functions [syn: the calculus, infinitesimal calculus]
[also: calculi (pl)]
Wikipedia
Calculus (from Latin calculus meaning ‘pebble’, plural calculī) in its most general sense is any method or system of calculation.
Calculus may refer to:
Calculus (from Latin calculus, literally "small pebble used for counting") is the mathematical study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. It has two major branches, differential calculus (concerning rates of change and slopes of curves), and integral calculus (concerning accumulation of quantities and the areas under and between curves); these two branches are related to each other by the fundamental theorem of calculus. Both branches make use of the fundamental notions of convergence of infinite sequences and infinite series to a well-defined limit. Generally, modern calculus is considered to have been developed in the 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz. Today, calculus has widespread uses in science, engineering and economics and can solve many problems that elementary algebra alone cannot.
Calculus is a part of modern mathematics education. A course in calculus is a gateway to other, more advanced courses in mathematics devoted to the study of functions and limits, broadly called mathematical analysis. Calculus has historically been called "the calculus of infinitesimals", or "infinitesimal calculus". Calculus (plural calculi) is also used for naming some methods of calculation or theories of computation, such as propositional calculus, calculus of variations, lambda calculus, and process calculus.
In dentistry, calculus or tartar is a form of hardened dental plaque. It is caused by precipitation of minerals from saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in plaque on the teeth. This process of precipitation kills the bacterial cells within dental plaque, but the rough and hardened surface that is formed provides an ideal surface for further plaque formation. This leads to calculus buildup, which compromises the health of the gingiva (gums). Calculus can form both along the gumline, where it is referred to as supragingival ("above the gum"), and within the narrow sulcus that exists between the teeth and the gingiva, where it is referred to as subgingival ("below the gum").
Calculus formation is associated with a number of clinical manifestations, including bad breath, receding gums and chronically inflamed gingiva. Brushing and flossing can remove plaque from which calculus forms; however, once formed, it is too hard and firmly attached to be removed with a toothbrush. Calculus buildup can be removed with ultrasonic tools or dental hand instruments (such as a periodontal scaler).
A calculus (plural calculi), often called a stone, is a concretion of material, usually mineral salts, that forms in an organ or duct of the body. Formation of calculi is known as lithiasis . Stones can cause a number of medical conditions.
Some common principles (below) apply to stones at any location, but for specifics see the particular stone type in question.
Calculi are not to be confused with gastroliths.
- redirect Calculus bicolor
Category:Araneomorphae Category:Monotypic spider genera
Usage examples of "calculus".
I could make my science useful, because the answers given by the numerical figures are often so obscure that I have felt discouraged, and I very seldom tried to make any use of my calculus.
Little in mathematics beyond the elementary level of calculus of variations, and nothing at all about Banach algebra or Riemannian manifolds.
Following these directions, other bees would find the food, fill up on it, and aim unerringly back to the hive, a calculation that for a human would require a stop watch, a compass and vector calculus.
In turn you must learn arithmetic, Euclidian geometry, high school algebra, differential and integral calculus, ordinary and partial differential equations, vector calculus, certain special functions of mathematical physics.
Inoshiro opened vis mouth and spewed out some random tags of propositional calculus.
Calculus racked him: Leaden before, his eyes grew dross of lead: Tussis attacked him.
On the table were an open three-ring binder, a couple of ballpoints, and a book entitled Advanced Calculus.
Queen Victoria had ever called an urgent meeting of her counsellors, and ordered them to invent the equivalent of radio and television, it is unlikely that any of them would have imagined the path to lead through the experiments of Ampere, Biot, Oersted and Faraday, four equations of vector calculus, and the judgement to preserve the displacement current in a vacuum.
Even the great German mathematician Gottfried von Leibniz, with whom Newton had a long, bitter fight over priority for the invention of the calculus, thought his contributions to mathematics equal to all the accumulated work that had preceded him.
What was there about these surfaces that made the journey seem descendent and led him to believe he was breathing sheerest calculus?
If Queen Victoria had ever called an urgent meeting of her counsellors, and ordered them to invent the equivalent of radio and television, it is unlikely that any of them would have imagined the path to lead through the experiments of Ampere, Biot, Oersted and Faraday, four equations of vector calculus, and the judgement to preserve the displacement current in a vacuum.
Before leaving for work the next morning, he had invented an entire new branch of mathematics called the calculus of variations, used it to solve the brachistochrone problem and sent off the solution, which was published, at Newton’s request, anonymously.
Good-bye, calculuses aeons advanced beyond the spinor calculus of Dirac.
Being only about to finish high school his training had gone no farther than tensor calculus, statistical mechanics, simple transfinities, generalized geometries of six dimensions, and, on the practical side, analysis for electronics, primary cybernetics and robotics, and basic design of analog computers.
Not to mention analytic geometry, calculus, and computer programming, I thought.