What is "accessory nerve"

n. (context medical physiology English) The 11th cranial nerves of higher vertebrates, controlling the pharynx, and the muscles of the upper chest and shoulders.

n. arises from two sets of roots (cranial and spinal) that unite to form the accessory nerve trunk [syn: spinal accessory, nervus accessorius, eleventh cranial nerve]

The accessory nerve is a cranial nerve that controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. As part of it was formerly believed to originate in the brain, it is considered the eleventh of twelve cranial nerves, or simply cranial nerve XI.

Traditional descriptions of the accessory nerve divide it into two parts: a spinal part and a cranial part. However, because the cranial component rapidly joins the vagus nerve, becoming an integral part of said nerve, modern descriptions often consider the cranial component to be part of the vagus nerve and not part of the accessory nerve proper. For this reason, in contemporary discussions of the accessory nerve, the common practice is to dismiss the cranial part altogether, referring to the accessory nerve specifically as the spinal accessory nerve.

The spinal accessory nerve provides motor innervation from the central nervous system to two muscles of the neck: the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezius muscle. The sternocleidomastoid muscle tilts and rotates the head, while the trapezius muscle has several actions on the scapula, including shoulder elevation and abduction of the arm.

Range of motion and strength testing of the neck and shoulders can be measured during a neurological examination to assess function of the spinal accessory nerve. Limited range of motion or poor muscle strength are suggestive of damage to the spinal accessory nerve, which can result from a variety of causes. Injury to the spinal accessory nerve is most commonly caused by medical procedures that involve the head and neck. Clinically, iatrogenic injury usually results in severe wasting and loss of volume of the trapeizus muscle which is, typically, very noticeable.

The accessory nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic spinal segments C1–C6.