What is "darwin"

surname attested from 12c., from Old English deorwine, literally "dear friend," probably used as a given name and also the source of the masc. proper name Derwin.

Darwin most often refers to:

• Charles Darwin (1809–1882), English naturalist and writer, best known as the originator of the theory of biological evolution by natural selection
• Charles Galton Darwin (1887–1962), English physicist, the grandson of Charles Darwin
• Darwin, Northern Territory, a capital city in Australia
• Darwin (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name)

Darwin may also refer to the following:

Darwin is an open-source Unix operating system released by Apple Inc. in 2000. It is composed of code developed by Apple, as well as code derived from NeXTSTEP, BSD, and other free software projects.

Darwin forms the core set of components upon which OS X, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS are based. It is mostly POSIX-compatible, but has never, by itself, been certified as compatible with any version of POSIX. Starting with Leopard, OS X has been certified as compatible with the Single UNIX Specification version 3 (SUSv3).

Darwin was a suggested ESA Cornerstone mission which would have involved a constellation of four to nine spacecraft designed to directly detect Earth-like planets orbiting nearby stars and search for evidence of life on these planets. The most recent design envisaged three free-flying space telescopes, each three to four metres in diameter, flying in formation as an astronomical interferometer. These telescopes were to redirect light from distant stars and planets to a fourth spacecraft, which would have contained the beam combiner, spectrometers, and cameras for the interferometer array, and which would have also acted as a communications hub. There was also an earlier design, called the "Robin Laurance configuration," which included six 1.5 metre telescopes, a beam combiner spacecraft, and a separate power and communications spacecraft.

The study of this proposed mission ended in 2007 with no further activities planned. To produce an image, the telescopes would have had to operate in formation with distances between the telescopes controlled to within a few micrometres, and the distance between the telescopes and receiver controlled to within about one nanometre. Several more detailed studies would have been needed to determine whether technology capable of such precision is actually feasible.

Darwin is a lunar crater of the type categorised as a walled plain. It lies in the southeastern part of the Moon, and is sufficiently close to the limb to appear significantly foreshortened when viewed from the Earth. Attached to its southern rim is Lamarck. To the northeast is the dark-floored crater Crüger.

The outer rim of this formation has been significantly disintegrated by the nearby impacts. The southern and northern parts of the rim in particular are all but destroyed. The eastern rim is somewhat worn but intact, and several small craters lie along the southwestern rim. The satellite crater Darwin B, a fairly large formation with a diameter of 56 kilometers, is attached to the outer western rim.

Parts of the interior floor of Darwin have been resurfaced. The southern floor of Darwin is only roughly level, with irregular surface features and several small craters. There is a dune-like set of hills in the northeast part of the floor, which is "decelerated surface-flow ejecta" from the Orientale basin impact that struck the eastern rim. In the western floor is a large, low, somewhat irregular dome, one of the few such features not found on a mare. There is also the remnant of a small crater at the southern end of the floor.

A system of rilles cut across the northern part of the floor, crossing the eastern rim and continuing to the southeast. These rilles are designated the Rimae Darwin, and they stretch for a distance of about 280 kilometers. To the east of Darwin, this system of rilles crosses Rima Sirsalis, a wide rille that follows a line to the northeast.

Darwin was a programming game invented in August 1961 by Victor A. Vyssotsky, Robert Morris Sr., and M. Douglas McIlroy. ( Dennis Ritchie is sometimes incorrectly cited as a co-author, but was not involved.) The game was developed at Bell Labs, and played on an IBM 7090 mainframe there. The game was only played for a few weeks before Morris developed an "ultimate" program that eventually brought the game to an end, as no-one managed to produce anything that could defeat it.

Darwin (Armando Muñoz) is a mutant superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He first appeared in X-Men: Deadly Genesis #2, and was created by writer Ed Brubaker and artist Pete Woods. Darwin appears in X-Men: First Class where he is played by actor Edi Gathegi.

Darwin is an architecture description language (ADL). It can be used in a software engineering context to describe the organisation of a piece of software in terms of components, their interfaces and the bindings between components.

Darwin encourages a component- or object-based approach to program structuring in which the unit of structure (the component) hides its behaviour behind a well-defined interface. Programs are constructed by creating instances of component types and binding their interfaces together. Darwin considers such compositions also to be types and hence encourages hierarchical composition. The general form of a Darwin program is therefore the tree in which the root and all intermediate nodes are composite components; the leaves are primitive components encapsulating behavioural as opposed to structural aspects.

The darwin (d) is a unit of evolutionary change, defined by J.B.S. Haldane in 1949. One darwin is defined to be an e-fold (about 2.718) change in a trait over one million years. Haldane named the unit after Charles Darwin.

Darwin is a 2011 documentary film directed by Nick Brandestini. It is a portrait of the small and remote community of Darwin, located in California’s Mojave Desert. The film was released to good reviews at film festivals throughout the world and also had a limited theatrical release in the USA.

Darwin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

• Members of Charles Darwin's family:
  • Anne Darwin (1841–1851), daughter of Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
  • Bernard Darwin (1876–1961), golf writer
  • Charles Darwin (1809–1882), English naturalist and writer
  • Charles Darwin (1758–1778) physician and scientist, uncle of Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
  • Sir Charles Galton Darwin (1887–1962), physicist
  • Charles Waring Darwin (infant) (1856–1858), youngest son of Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
  • Charles Waring Darwin (soldier) (1855–1928), second cousin once removed of Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
  • Edward Levett Darwin (1821–1901), solicitor and author
  • Elinor Darwin (1871–1954), illustrator, engraver and portrait painter, wife of Bernard Darwin
  • Emma Darwin née Wedgwood (1808–1896), wife of Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
  • Emma Darwin (novelist) (born 1964), novelist
  • Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802), physician and biologist, grandfather of Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
  • Erasmus Darwin IV (1881–1915), businessman and soldier, son of Sir Horace Darwin
  • Erasmus Alvey Darwin (1804–1881), brother of Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
  • Etty Darwin, better known as Henrietta Litchfield (1843–1929), daughter of Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
  • Sir Francis Darwin (1848–1925), botanist
  • Sir Francis Sacheverel Darwin (1786–1859), physician and traveler
  • Sir George Darwin (1845–1912), astronomer and mathematician
  • Gwendoline Mary Darwin, birth name of Gwen Raverat (1885–1957), artist
  • Sir Horace Darwin (1851–1928), civil engineer
  • Ida Darwin (1854–1946), mental health campaigner, wife of Sir Horace Darwin
  • Leonard Darwin (1850–1943), soldier, politician, and activist
  • Emma Nora Darwin, birth name of Nora Barlow (1885–1989), editor and biographer of Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
  • Robert Darwin (1766–1848), physician, father of Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
  • Robert Waring Darwin of Elston (1724–1816), author of Principia Botanica
  • Robin Darwin (1910–1974), artist
  • Ursula Frances Elinor Darwin, birth name of Ursula Mommens (1908–2010), potter
  • William Erasmus Darwin (1839–1914), eldest son of Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
• Ben Darwin (born 1976), Australian international Rugby player
• Bobby Darwin, (born 1943), American baseball player
• Charles Darwin (disambiguation), several people
• Danny Darwin (born 1955), American baseball player
• Donald Victor Darwin (1896–1972) Australian road engineer
• George Darwin (footballer) (born 1932), English footballer
• Jeff Darwin (born 1969), American baseball player
• John Darwin (disambiguation), several people
• Mike Darwin (born 1955), American writer and activist

Darwin is a 1920 German silent film directed by Fritz Bernhardt and starring Alf Blütecher, Ria Jende and Lya Sellin.

Darwin is a crater on Mars located at 57°S 19°E to the southeast of Argyre Planitia in Noachis Terra. It is approximately 176 km in diameter. The crater's name was formally approved by the IAU in 1973.

To the northeast of Darwin are the craters Green and Roddenberry. To the northwest is the larger crater Galle, and to the southwest is the crater Maraldi.

Darwin (formerly titled ESC) is an upcoming Canadian science fiction film directed by Benjamin Duffield and written by Robert Higden. The film stars Molly Parker, Nick Krause, Juliette Gosselin, Cassidy Marlene Jaggard, Jordyn Negri, and Daniel DiVenere.

Principal photography on the film commenced June, 2014 in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, and wrapped-up July, 2014. Suki Films is producing the film with Nortario Films, based in Greater Sudbury. The film was financed by Telefilm Canada, the Northern Ontario Heritage Fund Corporation, the Ontario Media Development Corporation, and the Harold Greenberg Fund. It is scheduled for release summer, 2015.