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Usage examples of models.

As a result the models for the mechanism of LTP had to be revised to include an effect mediated through the phosphorylation of specific pre- and postsynaptic membrane proteins.

Hence the failure of all the previous predictions about just when the Al people would come up with a really mind-like computer, regarded by the Wiener-enthusiasts of the early fifties as certain to arrive by the 1960s, then postponed to the seventies, eighties or even the bimillennium as time went by and models and programs from Perceptrons onwards came and vanished.

All that is needed is machinery, or mathematical models of such machinery, which will respond to particular inputs with outputs which resemble those that brains might have.

Nonetheless certain important general neurobiological principles have emerged from the last decades of experimentation, on chicks, on the hippocampus, on Aplysia, and on many other experimental models which I have not found space to mention here.

The hidden layers of PDF models are intended to serve almost as such interneurons, and massively increase the power of the networks to learn, to generalize, to predict.

From the 1970s on, the conventional wisdom was that his data were unreliable or statistically unsound, and newer methods and models became popular.

Treating the heart as a pump enables mathematical models of its action to be made which accurately describe many of its properties.

Europe in the seventeenth century, the symmetry of analogizing physical forces to animate ones and biological phenomena to technological models was broken.

Indeed it has become hard these days to attend a scientific conference on themes associated with learning, memory and computer models thereof without finding a strongly hovering US military presence, whether navy, air-force or the somewhat sinisterly acronymed DARPA - the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

Each of the sister sciences tried to build models of intelligence, but from very different materials.

Their weapon was not the dagger but the mightier pen, from which came a book, Perceptrons -purporting to prove that neural nets could never fill their promise of building models of mind: only computer programs could do this.

Al models were wired up almost as if the brain were a simple telephone switching system, with direct links between sense organs, like eyes and ears, and output organs, like muscles.

They would then endeavour to model the logic of these processes, irrespective of whether the models they produced in any way resembled real brains.

Such models work like machine-translation systems, which, given a sentence in French, can convert it to its English equivalent, even though the way a machine translates from one language to another in no way resembles how people may carry out a similar task.

In other words, one needs not merely translation models but transformation models.