A hypothetical particle that is the elementary particle in a theory of space-time

Usage examples of superstring.

The calculation of these properties, which necessarily transcends the perturbative framework, has played a central role in driving the progress of the second superstring revolution and is firmly rooted in the power of symmetry.

Moreover, the work of Gliozzi, Scherk, and Olive had one other crucial result: They showed that the troublesome tachyon vibration of the bosonic string does not afflict the superstring.

The winds of change, according to superstring theory, gust through an aeolian universe.

Making that software idiotproof had put Superstrings on the map a few years after the turn of the century.

With the discovery of superstring theory, musical metaphors take on a startling reality, for the theory suggests that the microscopic landscape is suffused with tiny strings whose vibrational patterns orchestrate the evolution of the cosmos.

He had found that the five superstring theories were closely related to one another and to something called supergravity theory as well.

Moreover, the work of Gliozzi, Scherk, and Olive had one other crucial result: They showed that the troublesome tachyon vibration of the bosonic string does not afflict the superstring.

A crucial observation, central to the second superstring revolution initiated by Witten and others in 1995, is that string theory actually includes ingredients with a variety of different dimensions: two-dimensional Frisbee-like constituents, three-dimensional blob-like constituents, and even more exotic possibilities to boot.

These conditions, as is by now familiar, require that both quantum mechanics and gravity be taken into account, and hence the birth of the universe provides a profound arena for exercising the insights of superstring theory.

Although the second superstring revolution has provided some nonperturbative techniques, it will be some time before they are honed for the kinds of calculations required in a cosmological setting.

They manipulated matter and the superstrings to create the first galaxies, arranging them in space in order to fulfill a great purpose.

Even such abstract notions as electromagnetic fields, superstrings, gravity waves, and black holes are linked to our sensory experiences of fields, strings, waves, and holes.

After the few years of dramatic progress during the first superstring revolution, physicists found that the approximations being used were inadequate to answer a number of essential questions hindering further developments.

Candidates included heavy neutrinos, axions, a catch-all termed "weakly interacting massive particles," or "WIMPS," photinos, strings, superstrings, quark nuggets, none of which had been observed, but had emerged from attempts at formulating unified field theories.

Mainly, because superstring theory includes gravity in a natural way, which quantum electrodynamics and quantum chromodynamics do not.