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Answer for the clue "A small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes ", 8 letters:
coenzyme

Word definitions for coenzyme in dictionaries

Wiktionary Word definitions in Wiktionary
n. (context biochemistry English) Any small molecule that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.

The Collaborative International Dictionary Word definitions in The Collaborative International Dictionary
coenzyme \co*en"zyme\ (k[-o]*[e^]n"z[imac]m), (Biochem.) a molecule that is essential for the activity of some enzymes; it may exist free in solution within a living organism, but functions by binding to an enzyme to assist in catalyzing a reaction. The ...

WordNet Word definitions in WordNet
n. a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes

Usage examples of coenzyme.

All sorts of atoms can turn out to be good catalysts or coenzymes, especially heavies.

We lacked enough material to test for trace constituents, but later on with more eggs at our disposal we did and nothing unusual showed up as far as contents of vitamins, coenzymes, nucleotides, sulfhydryl groups, et cetera, et cetera were concerned.

The doctor had suggested he try an unproven treatment, a course in coenzyme Q10.