What is "tongzhi"

Tongzhi is the Chinese word for " comrade" (the literal meaning of the characters is "same will" or "same purpose"). It has taken on various meanings in various contexts since the 20th century.

The term was introduced into Vernacular Chinese by Sun Yat-sen as a way of describing his followers. Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China, "tongzhi" was used to mean " comrade" in the Communist sense: it was used to address almost everyone, male and female, young and old. In recent years, however, this meaning of the term has fallen out of common usage, except within Chinese Communist Party discourse and among people of older generations.

Tongzhi (Wade-Giles: T'ung-chih) can refer to:

• Tongzhi , term that could mean either "comrade" or "homosexual" in modern Chinese language
• Tongzhi Emperor (1856–1875) of the Qing Dynasty
• Tongzhi Restoration (c. 1860-1874), attempt to strengthen the late Qing Dynasty
• Tongzhi , an encyclopaedia compiled by Zheng Qiao in the 12th century

Tongzhi (; lit. "Comprehensive Records") was a Chinese encyclopedia written in the Southern Song dynasty. It was compiled by Zheng Qiao and published in 1161.

After the Tongdian, it was the second encyclopedia of the Santong (The Three Encyclopedias), which were often published together. It is also included second among the Shitong (The Ten Encyclopedias), compiled in the Qing dynasty. The Tongzhi became a model for most of the later encyclopedias.

Tongzhi is arranged in 200 volumes (juan), plus three volumes of notes. The historical information covers from earliest times to the end of the Tang dynasty. The contents include basic annals, yearly chronicles, hereditary houses, ranked biographies, and twenty monographs (lüe 略) on various topics, the last of which are considered the most original part. The twenty monographs, which comprise 52 volumes, deal with clans, the six classes of characters, phonetics, astronomy, geography, capital cities, rituals, posthumous names, vessels and robes, music, official titles, the examination system, punishment, food and money, arts and literature, collation, images, metal and stone, disasters and fortunes, insects and plants. The comprehensivity of these monographs has long been noted; the Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao (completed in 1798) praised them in particular.

The chapter on images (Tu pu lüe 图谱略) has attracted considerable interest among art theorists. In this section, he gives images primacy in transmitting values, using metaphor that compares the images as the warp (jing 經) and the text as the weft (wei 緯).

The chapter on arts and literature (Yi wen lüe 藝文略) has the most detailed bibliographic scheme in pre-modern China.