What is "root and branch"

Root \Root\, n. [Icel. r[=o]t (for vr[=o]t); akin to E. wort, and perhaps to root to turn up the earth. See Wort.]

1. (Bot.)

   1. The underground portion of a plant, whether a true root or a tuber, a bulb or rootstock, as in the potato, the onion, or the sweet flag.

   2. The descending, and commonly branching, axis of a plant, increasing in length by growth at its extremity only, not divided into joints, leafless and without buds, and having for its offices to fix the plant in the earth, to supply it with moisture and soluble matters, and sometimes to serve as a reservoir of nutriment for future growth. A true root, however, may never reach the ground, but may be attached to a wall, etc., as in the ivy, or may hang loosely in the air, as in some epiphytic orchids.

2. An edible or esculent root, especially of such plants as produce a single root, as the beet, carrot, etc.; as, the root crop.

3. That which resembles a root in position or function, esp. as a source of nourishment or support; that from which anything proceeds as if by growth or development; as, the root of a tooth, a nail, a cancer, and the like. Specifically:

   1. An ancestor or progenitor; and hence, an early race; a stem.

      They were the roots out of which sprang two distinct people.
      --Locke.

   2. A primitive form of speech; one of the earliest terms employed in language; a word from which other words are formed; a radix, or radical.

   3. The cause or occasion by which anything is brought about; the source. ``She herself . . . is root of bounty.''
      --Chaucer.

      The love of money is a root of all kinds of evil.
      --1 Tim. vi. 10 (rev. Ver.)

   4. (Math.) That factor of a quantity which when multiplied into itself will produce that quantity; thus, 3 is a root of 9, because 3 multiplied into itself produces 9; 3 is the cube root of 27.

   5. (Mus.) The fundamental tone of any chord; the tone from whose harmonics, or overtones, a chord is composed.
      --Busby.

   6. The lowest place, position, or part. ``Deep to the roots of hell.''
      --Milton. ``The roots of the mountains.''
      --Southey.

4. (Astrol.) The time which to reckon in making calculations. When a root is of a birth yknowe [known]. --Chaucer. A["e]rial roots. (Bot.)

   1. Small roots emitted from the stem of a plant in the open air, which, attaching themselves to the bark of trees, etc., serve to support the plant.

   2. Large roots growing from the stem, etc., which descend and establish themselves in the soil. See Illust. of Mangrove.

      Multiple primary root (Bot.), a name given to the numerous roots emitted from the radicle in many plants, as the squash.

      Primary root (Bot.), the central, first-formed, main root, from which the rootlets are given off.

      Root and branch, every part; wholly; completely; as, to destroy an error root and branch.

      Root-and-branch men, radical reformers; -- a designation applied to the English Independents (1641). See Citation under Radical, n., 2.

      Root barnacle (Zo["o]l.), one of the Rhizocephala.

      Root hair (Bot.), one of the slender, hairlike fibers found on the surface of fresh roots. They are prolongations of the superficial cells of the root into minute tubes.
      --Gray.

      Root leaf (Bot.), a radical leaf. See Radical, a., 3 (b) .

      Root louse (Zo["o]l.), any plant louse, or aphid, which lives on the roots of plants, as the Phylloxera of the grapevine. See Phylloxera.

      Root of an equation (Alg.), that value which, substituted for the unknown quantity in an equation, satisfies the equation.

      Root of a nail (Anat.), the part of a nail which is covered by the skin.

      Root of a tooth (Anat.), the part of a tooth contained in the socket and consisting of one or more fangs.

      Secondary roots (Bot.), roots emitted from any part of the plant above the radicle.

      To strike root, To take root, to send forth roots; to become fixed in the earth, etc., by a root; hence, in general, to become planted, fixed, or established; to increase and spread; as, an opinion takes root. ``The bended twigs take root.''
      --Milton.

Branch \Branch\, n.; pl. Branches. [OE. braunche, F. branche, fr. LL. branca claw of a bird or beast of prey; cf. Armor. brank branch, bough.]

1. (Bot.) A shoot or secondary stem growing from the main stem, or from a principal limb or bough of a tree or other plant.

2. Any division extending like a branch; any arm or part connected with the main body of thing; ramification; as, the branch of an antler; the branch of a chandelier; a branch of a river; a branch of a railway.

   Most of the branches, or streams, were dried up.
   --W. Irving.

3. Any member or part of a body or system; a distinct article; a section or subdivision; a department. ``Branches of knowledge.''
   --Prescott.

   It is a branch and parcel of mine oath.
   --Shak.

4. (Geom.) One of the portions of a curve that extends outwards to an indefinitely great distance; as, the branches of an hyperbola.

5. A line of family descent, in distinction from some other line or lines from the same stock; any descendant in such a line; as, the English branch of a family.

   His father, a younger branch of the ancient stock.
   --Carew.

6. (Naut.) A warrant or commission given to a pilot, authorizing him to pilot vessels in certain waters.

   Branches of a bridle, two pieces of bent iron, which bear the bit, the cross chains, and the curb.

   Branch herring. See Alewife.

   Root and branch, totally, wholly.

   Syn: Bough; limb; shoot; offshoot; twig; sprig.

a. Total, thorough, sweeping, complete, radical, drastic. adv. Totally, completely. alt. Total, thorough, sweeping, complete, radical, drastic.