Wikipedia
Polypharmacology is the design or use of pharmaceutical agents that act on multiple targets or disease pathways.
In recent years even with remarkable scientific advancements and significant increase of global R&D spending, drugs are frequently withdrawn from markets. This is primarily due to their side-effects or toxicities. Drug molecules often interact with multiple targets and the unintended drug-target interactions could cause side-effects. Polypharmacology remains to be one of the major challenges in drug development, and it opens novel avenues to rationally design next generation of more effective but less toxic therapeutic agents. Polypharmacology suggests that more effective drugs can be developed by specifically modulating multiple targets. It is generally thought that complex diseases such as cancer and central nervous system diseases may require complex therapeutic approaches. In this respect, a drug that “hits” multiple sensitive nodes belonging to a network of interacting targets offers the potential for higher efficacy and may limit drawbacks generally arising from the use of a single-target drug or a combination of multiple drugs. In contrast, chemical biology continues to be a reductionist discipline, still regarding chemical probes as highly selective small molecules that enable the modulation and study of one specific target. Chemical biology cannot continue to overlook the existence of polypharmacology and it urge to become a more holistic discipline that looks at the use of tool compounds from a systems perspective