Wikipedia
Nirmala is a 1948 Indian Malayalam film directed by P. V. Krishna Iyer and produced by P. J. Cherian. The fourth talkie in Malayalam, Nirmala introduced playback singing to Malayalam cinema.
The songs were composed by saxophone player P. S. Divakar and E. I. Warrier. Lyrics were by poet G. Sankara Kurup. There were 15 songs in the film, sung by P. Leela, P. K. Raghavan, Sarojini Menon, T. K. Govindarao, Vasudeva Kurup and Vimala B Varma. Govinda Rao and Sarojini Menon, who sang in this film, became the first male and female playback singers in Malayalam.
Nirmala is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the following species:
- Nirmala indica (Hope, 1831)
- Nirmala odelli Andrewes, 1930
Nirmala ( or The Second Wife ) is a Hindi fiction novel written in Hindi and Urdu writer Munshi Premchand. The melodramatic novel is centered on Nirmala, a young girl who was forced to marry a widower of her father's age. The plot unfolds to reveal her husband’s suspicion of a relationship between her and his eldest son, a suspicion that leads to the son’s death.
A poignant novel first published in 1927, Nirmala's reformist agenda is transparent in its theme which deals with the question of dowry, and consequently mismatched marriages and related issues. The story uses fiction to highlight an era of much needed social reform in 1920s Indian society. Nirmala was serialized in 1928 in Chand, a women’s magazine in which the novel’s feminist character was represented. Nirmala is somewhat like Godaan (published in 1936) in that it deals with the exploitation of the village poor, and was translated by multiple scholarly translators. It was first translated in 1988 as The Second Wife by David Rubin, and in 1999 as Nirmala by Alok Rai, Premchand's grandson.
Nirmala is an Indian religious sect of ascetics. The Nirmalas claim origin from the Sikh Gurus.
Nirmala (Hindi निर्मला, immaculate, virtuous) is a social drama film directed by Franz Osten, made in 1938 in Hindi language, and produced by Bombay Talkies.