What is "labial consonant"

n. a consonant whose articulation involves movement of the lips [syn: labial]

Labial consonants are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator. They generally preclude linguolabials, in which the tip of the tongue contacts the posterior side of the upper lip, making them coronals, but sometimes, they behave as labial consonants. The two common labial articulations are bilabials, articulated using both lips, and labiodentals, articulated with the lower lip against the upper teeth, both of which are present in English. The other labial articulation is dentolabials, articulated with the upper lip against the lower teeth (the reverse of labiodental), normally only found in pathological speech.

The most common distribution between bilabials and labiodentals is the English one, in which the stops, , , and , are bilabial and the fricatives, , and , are labiodental. Bilabial fricatives and the bilabial approximant do not exist in English, but they occur in many languages. For example, the Spanish consonant written b or v is pronounced, between vowels, as a voiced bilabial approximant.

Lip rounding, or labialization, is a common approximant-like co-articulatory feature. English is a voiced labialized velar approximant, which is far more common than the purely labial approximant [β̞]. In the languages of the Caucasus, labialized dorsals like /kʷ/ and /qʷ/ are very common.

Very few languages, however, make a distinction purely between bilabials and labiodentals, making "labial" usually a sufficient specification of a language's phonemes. One exception is Ewe, which has both kinds of fricatives, but the labiodentals are produced with greater articulatory force.