What is "kleisoura"

Kleisoura (, "enclosure" or "pass") may refer to:

• Kleisoura (Byzantine district), a Byzantine military frontier province
• Kleisoura, Kastoria, a village and a municipality in Kastoria regional unit, Greece
  • Battle of Kleisoura Pass, April 1941
• Kleisoura, Larissa, a village and a municipality in Larissa regional unit, Greece
• Kleisoura, Preveza, a village in the municipal unit of Filippiada, Preveza regional unit, Greece
• Kleisoura, the Greek name for Këlcyrë, a town and mountain pass in southern Albania
  • Capture of Klisura Pass, January 1941

In the Byzantine Empire, a kleisoura (, "enclosure, defile") was a term traditionally applied to a fortified mountain pass and the military district protecting it. By the late 7th century, it came to be applied to more extensive frontier districts, distinct from the larger themata, chiefly along the Empire's eastern border with the Caliphate along the line of the Taurus- Anti-Taurus mountains (in the West, only Strymon was in its early days termed a kleisoura). A kleisoura or kleisourarchia was an autonomous command, under a kleisourarches (Greek: κλεισουράρχης). Eventually, most kleisourai were raised to full themata, and the term fell out of use after the 10th century (in late Byzantine times, droungos had a similar meaning). Its Islamic counterpart in Cilicia and Mesopotamia was the al-thughūr.