What is "hyperoartia"

Hyperoartia \Hy`per*o*ar"ti*a\, n. pl. [NL.] (Zo["o]l.) An order of marsipobranchs including the lampreys. The suckerlike moth contains numerous teeth; the nasal opening is in the middle of the head above, but it does not connect with the mouth. See Cyclostoma, and Lamprey.

Hyperoartia or Petromyzontida is a disputed group of vertebrates that includes the modern lampreys and their fossil relatives. Examples of hyperoartians from early in their fossil record are Endeiolepis and Euphanerops, fish-like animals with hypocercal tails that lived during the Late Devonian Period. Some paleontologists still place these forms among the " ostracoderms" (jawless armored fishes) of the class Anaspida, but this is increasingly considered an artificial arrangement based on ancestral traits.

Placement of this group among the jawless vertebrates is a matter of dispute. While today enough fossil diversity is known to make a close relationship among the "ostracoderms" unlikely, this has muddied the issue of the Hyperoartia's closest relatives. Traditionally the group was placed in a superclass Cyclostomata together with the Myxini (hagfishes). More recently, it has been proposed that the Myxini are more basal among the skull-bearing chordates, while the Hyperoartia are retained among vertebrates. But even though this may be correct, the lampreys represent one of the oldest divergences of the vertebrate lineage, and whether they are better united with some "ostracoderms" in the Cephalaspidomorphi, or not closer to these than to e.g. to other "ostracoderms" of the Pteraspidomorphi, or even the long-extinct conodonts, is still to be resolved. Even the very existence of the class Hyperoartia is disputed, with some analyses favoring a treatment of the "basal Hyperoartia" as a monophyletic lineage Jamoytiiformes that may in fact be very close to the ancestral jawed vertebrates.

The only hyperoartians surviving today are lampreys, classified in the Petromyzontiformes. The discovery of the fossil Priscomyzon pushed back the oldest known occurrence of true lampreys to the Late Devonian. The evidence of phylogeny, however, suggests the lamprey lineage diverged much earlier from other vertebrates, rather than arising from among the "ostracoderms". The origin of Hyperoartia may therefore extend back to the early Paleozoic, if not earlier.

Placed in this group are at present:

• † Jaymoytiiformes
  • † Jaymoytiidae White 1946
    • † Jamoytius kerwoodi White 1946
• † Endeiolepidiformes Berg 1940
  • † Endeiolepididae Stensio 1939
    • † Endeiolepis aneri Stensio 1939
• † Euphanerida
  • † Euphaneropidae Woodward 1900
    • † Euphanerops longaevus Woodward 1900 [Legendrelepis Arsenault & Janvier 1991; Legendrelepis parenti Arsenault & Janvier 1991]
    • † Cornovichthys blaauweni Newman & Trewin 2001
• † Haikouichthys ercaicunensis Luo, Hu & Shu 1999 sensu Shu et al. 2003
• Petromyzontimorpha
  • † Tullimonstrum gregarium Richardson 1966
  • Petromyzontiformes (Lampreys)