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What is "homologous"

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homologous
The Collaborative International Dictionary
Homologous

Homologous \Ho*mol"o*gous\, a. [Gr. ? assenting, agreeing; ? the same + ? speech, discourse, proportion, ? to say, speak.] Having the same relative position, proportion, value, or structure. Especially:

  1. (Geom.) Corresponding in relative position and proportion.

    In similar polygons, the corresponding sides, angles, diagonals, etc., are homologous.
    --Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.).

  2. (Alg.) Having the same relative proportion or value, as the two antecedents or the two consequents of a proportion.

  3. (Chem.) Characterized by homology; belonging to the same type or series; corresponding in composition and properties. See Homology, 3.

  4. (Biol.) Being of the same typical structure; having like relations to a fundamental type to structure; as, those bones in the hand of man and the fore foot of a horse are homologous that correspond in their structural relations, that is, in their relations to the type structure of the fore limb in vertebrates.

    Homologous stimulus. (Physiol.) See under Stimulus.

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Douglas Harper's Etymology Dictionary
homologous

1650s, from Greek homologos "agreeing, of one mind," from homos "same" (see homo- (1)) + logos "relation, reasoning, computation," related to legein "reckon, select, speak" (see lecture (n.)).

Wiktionary
homologous

a. Showing a degree of correspondence or similarity.

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WordNet
homologous

  1. adj. having the same evolutionary origin but serving different functions; "the wing of a bat and the arm of a man are homologous" [ant: analogous, heterologous]

  2. corresponding or similar in position or structure or function or characteristics; especially derived from an organism of the same species; "a homologous tissue graft" [ant: heterologous, autologous]

Wikipedia
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Usage examples of "homologous".

But it is conceivable that the now utterly lost branchiae might have been gradually worked in by natural selection for some quite distinct purpose: in the same manner as, on the view entertained by some naturalists that the branchiae and dorsal scales of Annelids are homologous with the wings and wing-covers of insects, it is probable that organs which at a very ancient period served for respiration have been actually converted into organs of flight.

We are justified in conceiving any collection of ideas soever as a homologous series, for we have the right to choose the function which will serve to arrange them as our design requires.

The quadrifid and bifid processes no doubt are homologous with the papillae on the outside of the bladder and of the leaves.