What is "epiphanes"

Epiphanes , meaning "the Glorious", is an ancient Greek epithet borne by several Hellenistic rulers:

• Antiochus IV Epiphanes (c. 215–164 BC), ruler of the Seleucid Empire
• Antiochus XI Epiphanes (reigned 95–92 BC), ruler of the Seleucid Empire
• Ariarathes VI Epiphanes Philopator (reigned 130–116 BC), King of Cappadocia
• Ariarathes VIII Epiphanes (reigned 101–96 BC), King of Cappadocia
• Gaius Julius Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the last king of Commagene who reigned between 38–72
• Seleucus VI Epiphanes (reigned 96–95 BC), ruler of the Seleucid Empire
• Polyxenos Epiphanes Soter (ca. 100 BC), Indo-Greek ruler
• Ptolemy V Epiphanes (reigned 204–181 BC), ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty

It can also refer to:

• Epiphanes (gnostic), legendary Gnostic writer

Epiphanes is the legendary author of On Righteousness, a notable Gnostic literary work that promotes communist principles, that was published and discussed by Clement of Alexandria, in Stromaties, III. Epiphanes was also attributed with founding Monadic Gnosis. G.R.S. Mead however thinks that Epiphanes was a legend and may not have been an actual person, that the real author of On Righteousness may be the Valentinian, Marcus.

According to Clement, Epiphanes was born on Cephalonia in the late 1st Century or early 2nd Century to Carpocrates (his father), and Alexandria of Cephalonia (his mother). Epiphanes died at the age of 17. Clement wrote that Epiphanes was "worshipped as a god with the most elaborate and lascivious rites by the Cephalonians, in the great temple of Samē, on the day of the new moon." Mead discusses that the idea of temple worship is probably a misunderstanding, that Clement may have mistaken the worship of the moon god Epiphanes with a person of the same name. The Epiphany was a sun-moon festival at the Samē temple. The new moon's life of 17 days (in the lunar cycle) may have been misunderstood as Epiphanes' 17 years of life.

On the other hand, Vanderbilt Professor Kathy L. Gaca (The Making of Fornication:Eros, Ethics, and Political Reform in Greek Philosophy and Early Christianity, University of California Press, 2003) promotes a view of Epiphanes as one of the voices in early Christianity who held a positive and liberationist view of sexual pleasure, and who was among those like him who were ultimately silenced by the victorious sex-negative leadership represented by Clement of Alexandria, Tatian, Ambrose, Jerome and Augustine.

Another legend that Epiphanes led Monadic Gnosis, may have come from misunderstanding of the Greek word eiphanes which may have been mistaken as a personal name if in text, when in fact the Greek means distinguished, as in a distinguished teacher.