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correlation
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
correlation
noun
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ ADJECTIVE
clear
▪ There is no clear correlation between the number of injections and the degree of abnormality recorded.
▪ In Point Loma, for instance, there is no clear correlation between appreciation and airport noise zones.
▪ These classifications are able to separate groups of nodal lymphomas with a clear correlation between morphological features and clinical behaviour.
▪ It has long been known in education circles that a clear correlation exists between social class background and examination success.
▪ Recent work makes us much less confident that any such clear correlation is possible.
▪ Last year, Home Office research showed a clear correlation between recession and levels of property crime.
close
▪ We do not disagree in theory that there should be a closer correlation between actual price and the rate.
▪ In support of this theory there is evidence of a close correlation between activity of Crohn's disease and conditions within the intestinal lumen.
▪ Thus she thinks that there is a close correlation between the men she can seduce and the men she might marry.
▪ There is therefore a fairly close correlation between the owning and trading memberships.
▪ The close correlation between the data obtained from these two sources suggests that recall error is unlikely to be a confounding factor.
▪ There has always been a close correlation between the status of older people, and their personal achievement.
▪ Monthly sunshine figures often show a close correlation with rainfall and this held true for January 1993.
direct
▪ June Sheppard did not make a direct correlation between waste vills and regular plans on the basis of the limited evidence available.
▪ Most researchers doubt that there has ever been a strong direct correlation between Church policy and individual family planning decisions.
▪ There is thus believed to be a direct correlation between expected rewards and performance.
▪ Moreover there is a direct correlation between the degree of adherence to the principles and success.
▪ Over the years their percentage of television time has had a direct correlation to the increase in prize-money.
▪ But there is rarely any direct correlation between defective products and liability awards.
▪ For Robbe-Grillet, there was also a direct correlation between Balzacian realism as a literary form and the society which produced it.
▪ I believe there is a direct correlation between the creation of job opportunities and the number of nominees you see every year.
good
▪ Experiments with exogenous compounds showed a good correlation between amounts added and amounts measured.
▪ Particular attention may be needed in ensuring a good correlation with related records stored on other media.
▪ A very good correlation was observed with preoperative studies.
high
▪ Eysenck's theory depends on a high correlation between criminality and particular personality characteristics identified by personality tests.
▪ Evidence was cited from other economies to reveal a high correlation between the two.
▪ They found high rank correlations between these two measures.
▪ These factors increase the overall spread in their data and may have allowed a higher correlation between the measures.
▪ There is also a high correlation between productivity and publication in highly-ranked journals.
▪ In all cases the correlation of accident estimate with the other variables was higher than their correlation with risk ratings.
inverse
▪ By implication it is impossible to postulate any definite inverse correlation between changes in the real wage rate and changes in employment.
negative
▪ Numerous studies have shown a consistent negative correlation between age and participation in virtually every sporting activity.
▪ We found significant negative correlations in faeces between soluble fatty acids and bile acids and insoluble calcium and phosphate.
▪ If such balancing selection maintains a substantial fraction of life-history variation, it will generate negative genetic correlations among life-history traits.
▪ However, for exemplars of the less risky junctions a negative correlation was observed.
▪ This correlation is confirmed in the regression model which also shows a negative correlation with education level of project leader.
positive
▪ By producing trend and level analyses they suggest a positive correlation between publication rates of research groups and their output.
▪ For instance, there is a positive correlation between marital dissatisfaction and the reported intensity of premenstrual symptoms.
▪ This increase in gastric secretion showed a positive correlation to the total number of cigarettes smoked.
▪ A positive correlation of smoking with incidence of Alzheimer's has recently been observed.
▪ A positive correlation was observed between the gastric juice ammonium and severity of gastritis.
▪ The correlations were positive apart from the correlation with HDL/total cholesterol which was negative.
▪ There might even be some positive correlations between these two sets of variables.
▪ There was a positive correlation between the number of months elapsed since a patient's most recent attack and amylase secretion.
rank
▪ Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test for non-parametric data and Spearman's rank order correlation.
▪ Correlation were assessed with Spearman's rank correlation test.
▪ Between treatment comparisons were made using signed rank tests and correlations were sought using Spearman's rank correlation test.
▪ Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test and Spearman's rank correlation test as appropriate.
▪ Correlation between variables was calculated by Spearman's rank correlation.
▪ They found high rank correlations between these two measures.
▪ The method used is based on collecting and clustering bigram statistics using a rank correlation metric.
▪ The numbers are the rank correlation coefficients.
significant
▪ His only significant correlation is between the level of communication and democratic performance.
▪ We found significant negative correlations in faeces between soluble fatty acids and bile acids and insoluble calcium and phosphate.
▪ There was also a relatively minor but significant correlation between the rate of known opioid use and townships' population size.
▪ There was no significant correlation between the frequency of extrasystoles, either supraventricular or ventricular, and oxygen saturation values.
▪ The second important finding from this study is the significant correlation between faecal wet weight and stool fat.
▪ None the less, there is more than one pattern of results which could produce a significant average correlation between risk and recall.
statistical
▪ The criticisms have been both technical and ideological and some of them apply just as much to the statistical correlation studies.
▪ In a sense, this criticism is an extension of the issue of causation discussed earlier in relation to the statistical correlation studies.
▪ A statistical procedure called correlation is frequently used to calculate the agreement between two sets of figures.
strong
▪ Overall the strongest correlations are with clarity of problem definition, clarity of problem understanding and completeness of information.
▪ Most researchers doubt that there has ever been a strong direct correlation between Church policy and individual family planning decisions.
▪ There was, however, a strong correlation between the success of grant applicants and their satisfaction with the system.
▪ A solid majority shows strong correlation with disrespectful behavior, verbal abuse and physical aggression.
▪ This notion was further supported by the strong correlation revealed for cellular IgG1 proportions in healthy and affected ulcerative colitis twins.
▪ The study found a strong correlation between donations and voting records.
▪ As you might expect, studies show a strong correlation between marital dissatisfaction and infidelity.
▪ Both Lipset and Coleman find a strong correlation between indices of modernization and democratization.
■ NOUN
coefficient
▪ To measure associations, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used.
▪ For example, suppose that the correlation coefficient is zero.
▪ The relationships between variables were evaluated by the simple correlation coefficient and a multiple regression analysis.
▪ This particular measure is the square of the correlation coefficient which has been used throughout Chapters 4 and 5.
▪ Portfolios P 1a to P 5a are varied by making changes in the correlation coefficients.
▪ Correlation studies were performed using linear regression and Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated.
▪ So beta merely uses the correlation coefficient to weight the ratio of the risks of the security and the market.
■ VERB
calculate
▪ Correlation coefficients were calculated by Spearman rank correlation test and, in selected instances, the chi square test.
▪ Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient was calculated to determine the correlation between relative frequency and coverage.
▪ Correlation coefficients were calculated as Spearman rank correlations and comparison between the two methods by the sign test.
▪ The least square method was used in calculating the correlations.
▪ For each subject the correlation between this score and their familiarity ratings for the 10 junctions was calculated.
▪ Because subjects differ between the experiments the correlations calculated here are simply correlations over the 60 films of the mean ratings.
establish
▪ To establish a correlation is not necessarily to establish a connection.
▪ A notional/functional approach essentially seeks to establish correlations between systemic and schematic elements.
▪ They establish correlations and infer causal relations between the social status of these groups and their political power.
▪ He used the computer to establish correlations.
find
▪ Gray finds a correlation between global warming and industrialisation.
▪ Other researchers can always find a correlation weight and early death because fewer heavy people than slender people exercise, he says.
▪ We found significant negative correlations in faeces between soluble fatty acids and bile acids and insoluble calcium and phosphate.
▪ The study found a strong correlation between donations and voting records.
▪ They found high rank correlations between these two measures.
▪ Using past experience, the networks find correlations between approximately 100 sensory measurements.
▪ Yet even for inexpensive recreation pursuits we still find a strong positive correlation of participation with income.
▪ Researchers failed to find any correlation, even though milk contains approximately the same number of calories as juice.
observe
▪ The observed inter-element correlations are reflected by the four major factors identified in a principle component analysis.
show
▪ In this study the antigliadin antibody-IgG test was often abnormal on gluten free diet and showed almost no correlation with the microchallenge.
▪ It usually occurs in the first 6 months of treatment and does not show any correlation with the dosage.
▪ As you might expect, studies show a strong correlation between marital dissatisfaction and infidelity.
▪ A solid majority shows strong correlation with disrespectful behavior, verbal abuse and physical aggression.
▪ In this study we could not show correlation between pathological scores or their distribution and any clinical parameter.
▪ The investigations of Bergstein etal showed a correlation between the duration of raised PAI1 and renal outcome.
▪ Two scales showed a correlation with positive changes on an outcome measure - Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory.
▪ Although inconsistencies clearly exist, most studies of large bowel tumours show a very strong correlation between immunocytochemical positivity and p53 mutation.
use
▪ Abinitio calculations and computer analysis have been extensively used to demonstrate acceptable correlations between theoretical and experimental results.
▪ So beta merely uses the correlation coefficient to weight the ratio of the risks of the security and the market.
▪ Between treatment comparisons were made using signed rank tests and correlations were sought using Spearman's rank correlation test.
▪ Correlation data were analysed using the Spearman rank correlation method.
▪ Statistical analysis was performed using correlation coefficients, t tests, and Mann-Whitney U test.
▪ The method used is based on collecting and clustering bigram statistics using a rank correlation metric.
▪ The least square method was used in calculating the correlations.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪ Dawson argued that there is a strong correlation between teenage crime and low educational achievement.
▪ In tests, no correlation was found between diet and intelligence.
▪ One of the students asked whether there was any correlation between rainfall and temperature.
▪ The study examines the correlation of violence on television with children's behavior.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪ A correlation curve indicates the distance over which the motion at one point significantly affects that at another.
▪ But beyond this, Cuvier had demonstrated unity of plan and correlation of the parts in organisms.
▪ Pearsons correlation coefficient was calculated to measure the association between continuous variables.
▪ Project Technical Success Table 8.5 presents the correlations between project technical success and the independent variables.
▪ Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test for non-parametric data and Spearman's rank order correlation.
▪ The correlation extends beyond this limited set of compounds.
▪ The problems come later, when you discover that there is a definite correlation between sales and your customer's hat sizes.
▪ These classifications are able to separate groups of nodal lymphomas with a clear correlation between morphological features and clinical behaviour.
The Collaborative International Dictionary
Correlation

Correlation \Cor`re*la"tion\ (-l?"sh?n), n. [LL. correlatio; L. cor- + relatio: cf. F. corr['e]lation. Cf. Correlation.] Reciprocal relation; corresponding similarity or parallelism of relation or law; capacity of being converted into, or of giving place to, one another, under certain conditions; as, the correlation of forces, or of zymotic diseases.

Correlation of energy, the relation to one another of different forms of energy; -- usually having some reference to the principle of conservation of energy. See Conservation of energy, under Conservation.

Correlation of forces, the relation between the forces which matter, endowed with various forms of energy, may exert.

Correlation

Energy \En"er*gy\, n.; pl. Energies. [F. ['e]nergie, LL. energia, fr. Gr.?, fr. ? active; ? in + ? work. See In, and Work.]

  1. Internal or inherent power; capacity of acting, operating, or producing an effect, whether exerted or not; as, men possessing energies may suffer them to lie inactive.

    The great energies of nature are known to us only by their effects.
    --Paley.

  2. Power efficiently and forcibly exerted; vigorous or effectual operation; as, the energy of a magistrate.

  3. Strength of expression; force of utterance; power to impress the mind and arouse the feelings; life; spirit; -- said of speech, language, words, style; as, a style full of energy.

  4. (Physics) Capacity for performing work.

    Note: The kinetic energy of a body is the energy it has in virtue of being in motion. It is measured by one half of the product of the mass of each element of the body multiplied by the square of the velocity of the element, relative to some given body or point. The available kinetic energy of a material system unconnected with any other system is that energy which is due to the motions of the parts of the system relative to its center of mass. The potential energy of a body or system is that energy which is not kinetic; -- energy due to configuration. Kinetic energy is sometimes called actual energy. Kinetic energy is exemplified in the vis viva of moving bodies, in heat, electric currents, etc.; potential energy, in a bent spring, or a body suspended a given distance above the earth and acted on by gravity.

    Accumulation, Conservation, Correlation, & Degradation of energy, etc. (Physics) See under Accumulation, Conservation, Correlation, etc.

    Syn: Force; power; potency; vigor; strength; spirit; efficiency; resolution.

Related phrases:
Douglas Harper's Etymology Dictionary
correlation

1560s, from Middle French corrélation, from cor- "together" (see com-) + relation (see relation).

Wiktionary
correlation

n. 1 A reciprocal, parallel or complementary relationship between two or more comparable objects 2 (context statistics English) One of the several measures of the linear statistical relationship between two random variables, indicating both the strength and direction of the relationship. 3 (cx algebra English) An isomorphism from a projective space to the dual of a projective space, often to the dual of itself.

Related phrases:
WordNet
correlation

  1. n. a reciprocal relation between two or more things [syn: correlativity]

  2. a statistic representing how closely two variables co-vary; it can vary from -1 (perfect negative correlation) through 0 (no correlation) to +1 (perfect positive correlation); "what is the correlation between those two variables?" [syn: correlation coefficient, coefficient of correlation]

  3. a statistical relation between two or more variables such that systematic changes in the value of one variable are accompanied by systematic changes in the other [syn: correlational statistics]

Related phrases:
Wikipedia
Correlation (projective geometry)

In projective geometry, a correlation is a transformation of a d-dimensional projective space that transforms subspaces of dimension k into subspaces of dimension , preserving incidence. Correlations are also called reciprocities or reciprocal transformations.

Correlation (disambiguation)

Correlation is a measure of relationship between two mathematical variables or measured data values, which includes the Pearson correlation coefficient as a special case.

Correlation may also refer to:

  • Electronic correlation, a description of the interaction between electrons in a quantum system
  • Phase correlation, an analysis of translative movement between images
  • Correlation (projective geometry), a type of duality amongst subspaces of a vector space
  • Cross-correlation, a measure of similarity between two signals
  • Priesthood Correlation Program, a systematic approach for maintaining consistency in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)
  • Correlations (album), a 1979 album by Ashra
Related phrases:

Usage examples of "correlation".

Here in fact may be the correlation between the two worlds that Alice seeks but never fully discovers.

The correlation was clearly demonstrated in the recent four-year Lyon Heart Study showing a 65 percent reduction in fatal attacks primarily achieved by increasing your Omega-3 fatty acid intake and simultaneously decreasing your Omega-6 intake.

Naumov did spark my original interest in the scientific side of psychic phenomena, I was a computer scientist and was at the time more interested in correlations between the electronic brains which our technology was developing and the electrochemical brain that each of us carries in his skull.

But when it came to the number of hits per balls in play a pitcher gave up, there was no correlation whatsoever.

Our present existence is the organic correlation of that personal force with the physical materials of the body, and with other forces.

It has throughout denied or minified Mendelian results, and depended on the treatment of inheritance by a study of correlations.

Weismann has shown that there is throughout the metazoa a general correlation between the natural lifetime of individuals composing any given species, and the age at which they reach maturity or first become capable of procreation.

Officer, Sonar, no correlation on that bearing to broadband contact or narrowband bucket.

An unknown quantum state can be disassembled into, then later reconstructed from, purely classical information and purely nonclassical correlations .

An unknown quantum state can be disassembled into, then later reconstructed from, purely classical information and purely nonclassical correlations.

Because at last we had a nondestructive means of scanning the exact state of muons through infinitesimal passages of time, we were able to find some astonishing correlations between memory and the barely detectable muon states of slant and yaw.

My colleagues and I do not believe, however, that EPR-type correlations are, in themselves, the explanation for mind-to-mind connections, but we do think that they are an unequivocal laboratory example of the nonlocal nature of our universe.

It is apparent in performed works such as Old Comedy, where the correlation of heroic fantasies and civic problems parallels the actual presence of an audience and the judgment of its representatives on the dramatic contest.

Assuming that mental processes are a function of brain processes, and assuming that correlates are discovered between specific brain states and specific mental states, the exact nature of that correlation remains open to interpretation.

Acclimatisation -- Correlation of growth -- Compensation and economy of growth -- False Correlations -- Multiple, rudimentary, and lowly organised structures variable -- Parts developed in an unusual manner are highly variable: specific characters more variable than generic: secondary sexual characters variable -- Species of the same genus vary in an analogous manner -- Reversions to long-lost characters -- Summary.