What is "carpinus betulus"

Yoke \Yoke\ (y[=o]k), n. [OE. yok, [yogh]oc, AS. geoc; akin to D. juk, OHG. joh, G. joch, Icel. & Sw. ok, Dan. aag, Goth. juk, Lith. jungas, Russ. igo, L. jugum, Gr. zy`gon, Skr. yuga, and to L. jungere to join, Gr. ?, Skr. yui. [root]109, 280. Cf. Join, Jougs, Joust, Jugular, Subjugate, Syzygy, Yuga, Zeugma.]

1. A bar or frame of wood by which two oxen are joined at the heads or necks for working together.

   A yearling bullock to thy name shall smoke, Untamed, unconscious of the galling yoke.
   --Pope.

   Note: The modern yoke for oxen is usually a piece of timber hollowed, or made curving, near each end, and laid on the necks of the oxen, being secured in place by two bows, one inclosing each neck, and fastened through the timber. In some countries the yoke consists of a flat piece of wood fastened to the foreheads of the oxen by thongs about the horns.

2. A frame or piece resembling a yoke, as in use or shape. Specifically:

   1. A frame of wood fitted to a person's shoulders for carrying pails, etc., suspended on each side; as, a milkmaid's yoke.

   2. A frame worn on the neck of an animal, as a cow, a pig, a goose, to prevent passage through a fence.

   3. A frame or convex piece by which a bell is hung for ringing it. See Illust. of Bell.

   4. A crosspiece upon the head of a boat's rudder. To its ends lines are attached which lead forward so that the boat can be steered from amidships.

   5. (Mach.) A bent crosspiece connecting two other parts.

   6. (Arch.) A tie securing two timbers together, not used for part of a regular truss, but serving a temporary purpose, as to provide against unusual strain.

   7. (Dressmaking) A band shaped to fit the shoulders or the hips, and joined to the upper full edge of the waist or the skirt.

3. Fig.: That which connects or binds; a chain; a link; a bond connection.

   Boweth your neck under that blissful yoke . . . Which that men clepeth spousal or wedlock.
   --Chaucer.

   This yoke of marriage from us both remove.
   --Dryden.

4. A mark of servitude; hence, servitude; slavery; bondage; service.

   Our country sinks beneath the yoke.
   --Shak.

   My yoke is easy, and my burden is light.
   --Matt. xi. 30.

5. Two animals yoked together; a couple; a pair that work together.

   I have bought five yoke of oxen, and I go to prove them.
   --Luke xiv. 19.

6. The quantity of land plowed in a day by a yoke of oxen. [Obs.]
   --Gardner.

7. A portion of the working day; as, to work two yokes, that is, to work both portions of the day, or morning and afternoon. [Prov. Eng.]
   --Halliwell.

8. (Chiefly Mach.) A clamp or similar piece that embraces two other parts to hold or unite them in their respective or relative positions, as a strap connecting a slide valve to the valve stem, or the soft iron block or bar permanently connecting the pole pieces of an electromagnet, as in a dynamo.

   Neck yoke, Pig yoke. See under Neck, and Pig.

   Yoke elm (Bot.), the European hornbeam ( Carpinus Betulus), a small tree with tough white wood, often used for making yokes for cattle.

Hornbeam \Horn"beam`\, n. [See Beam.] (Bot.) A tree of the genus Carpinus ( Carpinus Americana), having a smooth gray bark and a ridged trunk, the wood being white and very hard. It is common along the banks of streams in the United States, and is also called ironwood. The English hornbeam is Carpinus Betulus. The American is called also blue beech and water beech.

Hop hornbeam. (Bot.) See under Hop.

Carpinus betulus, commonly known as the European or common hornbeam, is a hornbeam native to Western Asia and central, eastern, and southern Europe, including southern England. It requires a warm climate for good growth, and occurs only at elevations up to . It grows in mixed stands with oak, and in some areas beech, and is also a common tree in scree forests. Hornbeam was also known as 'Yoke Elm'.