Wikipedia
Callinicus (or Kallinikos) (Καλλίνικος in Greek) was the exarch of Ravenna (597 – 602 or 603). He is called Gallicinus, or Gallicini patricii, by the Lombard historian Paul the Deacon (Latin text, English patrician Gallicinus).
The first few years of his administration were marked by relatively good fortune. In 598 an armistice between the Byzantines and the Lombards had been concluded in which the Lombards were acknowledged as sovereign rulers of the lands in their possession, and which was observed by both parties over the following years. However around 601, Callinicus took advantage of a rebellion by the duces of Tridentum and Forum Julii and broke the peace by kidnapping the Lombard king Agilulf's daughter and her husband from Parma. In response, Agilulf invaded the Exarchate, destroying Padua, pillaging Istria, then defeating Callinicus outside the walls of Ravenna.
Shortly afterwards Callinicus was replaced by Smaragdus; Richards states Callinicus was recalled.
Callinicus or Kallinikos is a surname or male given name; the feminine form is Kalliniki, Callinice or Callinica . It is of Greek origin, meaning "beautiful victor".
For other people with this name, see Callinicus
Callinicus, surnamed or nicknamed Sutorius or Suetorius, sometimes known as Kallinikos of Petra or Callinicus of Petra (Callinicus in Greek: ο Καλλίνικος) was an Ancient Greek Historian, Orator, Rhetorician and Sophist who flourished in the 3rd century.
Callinicus was a man of Greek descent, who came from a local eminent family from either Arabia Petraea or Syria. Little is known about his family except that his father’s Praenomen was Gaius.
Callinicus was one of the most cultural figures that came from the Eastern Roman Empire. He was a contemporary and friend to Roman Emperor Gallienus (253-268) and Queen of the Palmyrene Empire, Zenobia.
During the reign of Gallienus and his father Valerian, Callinicus taught Rhetoric in Athens, Greece. Later Callinicus accepted the patronage of Syrian Queen of Palmyra, Zenobia (reigned before 258-273). Callinicus moved and lived in Zenobia’s court first in Palmyra and later in Alexandria, Egypt.
In 273, Callinicus was executed with Zenobia's chief counselor and Greek sophist, Cassius Longinus on the orders of Roman Emperor Aurelian in the city, Callinicum on the Euphrates (modern Ar-Raqqah, Syria). Zenobia had revolted against the Roman Empire and Aurelian had defeated and ended Zenobia’s revolt from Rome in Emesa (modern Homs, Syria).
Callinicus had written various literacy pieces including a number of speeches and Encomiums. His works include:
- To Lurpus
- On Bad Taste on Rhetoric
- Prosphonetikon to Gallienus - This was a salute, addressed to Gallienus
- To Cleopatra
- Histories of Alexandria - These histories were 10 books written on the history of Alexandria who were dedicated to a “Cleopatra”, who was most probably Zenobia. She claims to be a descendant of Ptolemaic Greek Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt
- Renewal of Rome
- Against the Philosophical Sects
Callinicus (Greek: ο Кαλλίνικος) was a prince of the Kingdom of Commagene, who lived in the 1st century. Callinicus was the second-born son and child to King Antiochus IV of Commagene and Queen Iotapa of Commagene. His parents were full-blooded siblings. His parents were Roman Client Monarchs of Commagene that lived under the Roman Empire in the 1st century. His older brother was prince Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes and youngest sibling was princess Iotapa.
He was of Armenian, Greek and Medes descent. Through his ancestor from Commagene, Queen Laodice VII Thea, who was the mother of King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene, he was a direct descendant of the Greek Syrian Kingdom the Seleucid Empire. Callinicus’ birth name was probably Gaius Julius Mithridates Callinicus. He was probably named in honor of his ancestor King Mithridates I Callinicus, who was the father of King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene. Callinicus is the second person in the Royal Family of Commagene to bear this name. He is simply known as Callinicus.
He was most probably born, raised and educated in Samosata, the capital of the Kingdom of Commagene. His mother died around 52 and his father raised him. Unfortunately, more is known on his eldest brother and younger sister, then on Callinicus.
In 72 Lucius Caesennius Paetus, the Roman Governor of Syria had sent letters addressed to Vespasian accusing Antiochus IV; Epiphanes and Callinicus in planning to revolt against Rome and allying themselves with the King of Parthia. Paetus accused in these letters that Antiochus IV, Epiphanes and Callinicus of disloyalty to the Emperor. It is not known whether if these accusations were true or false. After reading the letters, Vespasian felt that he could longer trust the family of Antiochus IV and couldn’t trust them to protect the strategic crossing at the Euphrates River at Samosata. Vespasian gave orders to Antiochus IV to terminate his rule in Commagene.
Paetus invaded the Kingdom of Commagene, as head of the Legio VI Ferrata. The client Kings Aristobulus of Chalcis and Sohaemus of Emesa also supplied troops to Paetus. They all arrived the night before the Battle. As Epiphanes and Callinicus prepared themselves that night for war, Antiochus IV was preparing to flee to Cilicia.
The next morning that the war was supposed to occur Epiphanes with his family and Callinicus out of fear of the Romans fled to the King of Parthia, while Antiochus IV also out of fear of the Romans fled to Cilicia. There is a possibility that Epiphanes and Callinicus had a short-lived attempt to resist invasion, before they fled to Parthia.
The family of Antiochus IV had let their own army and the citizens of Commagene down. Antiochus IV and his family never considered to cause a war with Rome and they wanted to clear themselves of these accusations. Vespasian brought peacefully back to Rome, Epiphanes with his family and Callinicus in an honourable Roman Military Escort. Epiphanes with his family and Callinicus lived in Rome with Antiochus IV for the remainder of his life. Vespasian had given Antiochus IV and his family sufficient revenue to live on. Antiochus IV and his family had a glamorous life and were treated with great respect.
They never returned to Commagene. Commagene was reinstated again as a part of the Roman Province of Syria and there the citizens of Commagene still proved to be loyal subjects of the Roman Empire. After the death of Antiochus IV, Epiphanes and his family moved and settled in Athens Greece. However, it is unknown whether Callinicus had travelled with them. After this moment, nothing more is known on Callinicus.