Crossword clues for backwardness
The Collaborative International Dictionary
backwardness \back"ward*ness\, n. The state of being backward.
Douglas Harper's Etymology Dictionary
1580s, from backward + -ness.
Wiktionary
n. 1 The state of being backward. 2 reluctance.
WordNet
n. lack of normal development of intellectual capacities [syn: retardation, mental retardation, slowness, subnormality]
Wikipedia
The backwardness model is a theory of economic growth created by Alexander Gerschenkron. The model postulates that the more backward an economy is at the outset of economic development, the more likely certain conditions are to occur. USSR leader Gorbachev once said, “If you don’t move forward, sooner or later you begin to move backward.”
The more backward the economy, the more likely these things will occur:
- Special institutions, including banks or the state, will be necessary to properly channel physical capital and human capital to industries.
- There will be an emphasis on the production of producer goods than consumer goods.
- There will be an emphasis on capital-intensive production rather than labor-intensive production.
- There will be a great scale of production and enterprise.
- There will be a reliance on borrowed rather than local technologies.
- The role of the agricultural sector, as a market for new industries, will be small.
- There will be a reliance on productivity growth.
Thorstein Veblen's 1915 Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution is an extended essay comparing the United Kingdom and Germany, and concluding that the slowing of growth in Britain.and the rapid advances in the latter, were due to the "penalty of taking the lead."
British industry worked out, in a context of small competing firms, the best ways to produce efficiently. Germany's backwardness gave it an advantage in that the best practice could be adopted in large-scale firms.
The backwardness model is often contrasted with the Rostovian take-off model developed by W.W. Rostow, which presents a more linear and structuralist model of economic growth, planning it out in defined stages. The two models are not mutually exclusive, however, and many countries appear to follow both models rather adequately.
Usage examples of "backwardness".
A swathe of portal destruc- tion had swung across the million-star volume all around Leseum back in the time of the Arteria Collapse, leaving only the bunched Leseum systems themselves connected inside a vast volume of backwardness.
But Ross Barnett was heir to a political tradition that often cursed Mississippi with leaders of neolithic racism and appalling backwardness.
I had now to confess that I was unskilled in the native American folk dances which I had observed being performed, whereupon she briskly chided me for my backwardness, but commanded a valse from the musicians, and this we danced together.
And the same testimony to their backwardness in open battle reached me from all sides.
Last, by investing the time and resources needed to build a new Iraq, the United States would ensure that it would not be intervening in Iraq again in the near future and would create a new ally in the Arab world that could help bring further stability and progress to the region, rather than contributing to its backwardness and instability--as a new dictatorship or an Iraq torn by civil war or warlordism would.
Last, by investing the time and resources needed to build a new Iraq, the United States would ensure that it would not be intervening in Iraq again in the near future and would create a new ally in the Arab world that could help bring further stability and progress to the region, rather than contributing to its backwardness and instability—as a new dictatorship or an Iraq torn by civil war or warlordism would.