noun
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
conspicuous consumption
domestic consumption (=the amount of a product that people use in a country)
▪ In the past the country’s industry was small enough to thrive on domestic consumption alone.
electricity consumption (=the amount of electricity that is used)
▪ Our target is to cut electricity consumption by 10%.
energy consumption
▪ We all need to reduce our energy consumption.
for human consumption/habitation (=to be eaten/lived in by people)
▪ This meat is not fit for human consumption.
fuel consumption (=amount used)
▪ Fuel consumption averages 54 miles per gallon.
galloping inflation/consumption etc
▪ galloping inflation of 20 to 30%
unfit for human consumption (=not suitable to eat)
▪ The meat was declared unfit for human consumption.
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ ADJECTIVE
average
▪ They estimate an average annual consumption of 15 litres of whisky per head of the adult population.
▪ Fats - Saturated and Unsaturated All major dietary guidelines advocate a need to reduce our average national fat consumption.
▪ Cigarette consumption Average weekly cigarette consumption in 1988 was 120 for male smokers and 99 for female smokers.
▪ The average percapita consumption for all developing countries was about an eighth of the world average.
collective
▪ Contemporary Marxist urban sociology places much less emphasis on the supposed necessity for the state to be engaged in collective consumption.
▪ In other words, they cut first and most their personal consumption rather than collective consumption.
▪ But the distinction between personal and collective consumption remains fairly clear.
conspicuous
▪ The emergence of stratified societies culminating in states increased conspicuous consumption of precious substances.
▪ But one can only take just so much wretched excess and conspicuous consumption.
▪ What better forum for conspicuous consumption than the locker-room or the golf club car-park?
▪ The creative ones turned their backs on conspicuous consumption and decided in favor of a simpler, personalized lifestyle.
▪ They're young and poor and the patriarchal culture they inherit and the conspicuous consumption of their contemporaries sanctions their irresponsibility.
▪ Even so, a significant number of takeover bids were probably no more than a form of corporate conspicuous consumption.
▪ Similarly, conspicuous consumption or display is now regarded as an acceptable form of behaviour.
▪ Foreign imports such as colour television sets and hi-fi systems cram shop windows, catering to demands for conspicuous consumption.
current
▪ The regenerative cars had not shown the expected economies and indeed they were responsible for excessive current consumption.
▪ This is the product of saving from current consumption and companion investment.
▪ That will last nearly 250 years at current consumption and no one can see beyond that.
▪ In fact this is an empirical issue - are taxes paid out of private savings or current consumption?
▪ The current consumption of the stage will be fixed by the load resistance to which the collector is connected.
▪ You can make an arrangement to pay off the bill and your current consumption, by regular payments to the fuel supplier.
▪ But the official said the quota had been determined on the basis of current banana consumption.
▪ However, current consumption must be kept sufficiently low to provide an acceptably long battery life.
domestic
▪ One way to reduce domestic water consumption would be to reduce the use of water for flushing the toilet.
▪ Oil imports in 1995 account for much more than half of domestic consumption, up from 27 percent in 1985.
▪ Worse was expected to come as industrial and domestic consumption of electricity picked up after the attrition of the war years.
▪ He states that few sheep are reared ... and those only for domestic consumption.
▪ Drought has caused further problems in the agricultural sector, both for domestic consumption and exports.
▪ The cheapening delivery costs of coal extended its use in manufacturing and in domestic consumption.
▪ It is therefore more than ever necessary that the recovery should be export led rather than led by domestic consumption.
▪ Most of these probably end up cracked at home for domestic consumption.
excessive
▪ The regenerative cars had not shown the expected economies and indeed they were responsible for excessive current consumption.
▪ But for athletes and others who are likely to perspire heavily, excessive consumption of caffeine could lead to dehydration.
▪ It was test-flown at Long Beach where the pilot, Don Dinoff, reported excessive oil consumption and a marginal engine.
general
▪ The final chapter will attempt a more general model of consumption in terms of the concept of objectification.
▪ In general, the consumption of animal products has decreased while the consumption of plant products increased during recent years.
high
▪ Britain has the highest chocolate consumption in the world, far more than any other country.
▪ Others factors can be, such as obesity, high alcohol consumption and lack of exercise.
▪ The higher is, the higher is consumption expenditure and the higher is the level of aggregate demand.
▪ And the fall was greater where customers were penalised by higher tariffs for consumption above a certain level.
▪ The centres of highest consumption are some distance from Kent where the quantities are small.
▪ Outside Kent there are particular regions which reveal a high level of consumption of exotic goods imported from aboard.
▪ Not all leisure activities require a high degree of consumption skill.
▪ So savings rates stay high, and consumption, including the consumption of imported goods, stays low.
human
▪ Where goat milk or milk products are used for human consumption, milk-withholding periods for different drugs should be observed.
▪ Water conflict is inherently local, depending upon neighborhood needs for human consumption, food production, industrial processes and waste treatment.
▪ Cereals for human consumption have not been ground for some years.
▪ Earth could probably support twenty to thirty billion people if farmland were used only to raise food for direct human consumption.
▪ He also sought to preserve wheat for human consumption and issued a proclamation prohibiting the manufacture of starch from wheat.
▪ One family in the Borders was growing 7.5 ha of swedes for human consumption.
▪ The poisonous snakes invite a certain deference, and the rattlesnake is even canned occasionally for human consumption.
increased
▪ This increase is presumably related to the increased alcohol consumption in the country.
▪ In Stockholm seroprevalence fell during 1969-87, coincident with increased consumption of frozen meat.
▪ In fact, it could easily be thought that increased alcohol consumption could result just in the increased incidence of recurrent pancreatitis.
local
▪ Much of the cider produced was for local consumption, with farmers bringing in their cartloads of apples for processing.
▪ Gradually and consciously the continent has moved in the path of export-orientation at the expense of production for local consumption.
▪ These furnaces must have been producing far more iron than was needed for local consumption.
▪ There are rumours from other regions of two manpower lists, one for local consumption and one for the Department of Health.
▪ Elsewhere, the tree had grown randomly at lower elevations, and the nut was used for local consumption.
▪ So their contribution to local energy consumption is fairly small.
low
▪ Can I use Carbonflo in this engine and would it have the same benefits such as lower fuel consumption?
mass
▪ Dependent on state patronage, Soviet official art was a public, epic, partisan art intended for mass consumption.
▪ Inevitably London, the greatest centre of mass and conspicuous consumption, dominated with its tremendous appetite.
▪ To locate objects in relation to interest and power, however sophisticated and non-reductionist, is only one perspective upon mass consumption.
▪ How has jewellery fared in societies in which mass consumption prevails?
moderate
▪ Around the world the drinks industry is active in the promotion of moderate consumption and the prevention of abuse.
▪ Warning: Moderate consumption of this product is likely to cause pronounced belching and bad breath.
▪ An increasing number of medical experts now agree that moderate consumption of alcohol is beneficial to health.
▪ For there is by now a mountain of medical evidence that moderate consumption of alcohol dramatically lowers the risk of heart disease.
▪ Several other recent studies have shown that moderate consumption of red wine, in particular, is helpful for preventing heart disease.
overall
▪ The overheating causes an increase in overall energy consumption of only 7 %.
▪ The council has managed to reduce its overall energy consumption by 16 percent since 1979.
▪ This redistribution from creditors to debtors may well affect overall consumption plans in the economy.
percapita
▪ Total percapita consumption of alcoholic drinks has been more or less constant for a decade.
▪ If percapita consumption remained static, an increased world population would still need 40 percent more energy by 2025.
▪ The average percapita consumption for all developing countries was about an eighth of the world average.
personal
▪ To suggest that all unproductive consumption is solely capitalist personal consumption is to go beyond the bounds of credibility.
▪ The idea that maximizing personal consumption is central to individual welfare is less than two hundred years old.
▪ Out of the surplus-value which is unproductively consumed there will obviously be a portion which goes on personal consumption.
▪ The congressional power of economic regulation extends to production for personal consumption. 25.
▪ Partners' preferences can also make it more difficult to control household fuel consumption and to effect cutbacks in personal consumption.
▪ In other words, they cut first and most their personal consumption rather than collective consumption.
▪ But the distinction between personal and collective consumption remains fairly clear.
▪ In the fact that there is no proportionality between the individual branches of production and the scale of personal consumption.
present
▪ The choice between present and future consumption.
▪ The known reserves of coal undoubtedly are sufficient to last for centuries at present consumption rates.
▪ The present power consumption of Earth is 8, 500 gigawatts, equivalent to fusing 450 tons of helium-3 per year.
private
▪ Official figures show that private consumption under Sandinista rule has fallen by 70 percent.
▪ There had been a fall in private consumption in 1989 following the imposition of the unpopular consumption tax.
▪ The requirement that the goods must be of a type ordinarily supplied for private use or consumption is obviously problematic.
▪ There is no evidence that reductions in public spending, as opposed to private consumption, would lead to increases in investment.
public
▪ Far from it, what they say for public consumption appears to be at odds with what they are saying privately.
▪ When the media found out, his private exercise of his personal beliefs became a subject for public consumption.
▪ But these things aren't for public consumption.
▪ Through government spending on goods, society tends to reallocate resources from private to public goods consumption.
▪ Britain has gone farther than any country in the West towards getting a balance between private affluence and public consumption.
▪ For public consumption, Labour leaders purport to have jettisoned the principles of a life-time. but how much can they be trusted?
total
▪ Therefore, if total consumption is reduced, abuse will fall too.
▪ Differences between similar households and dwellings in total consumption range up to 3:1.
▪ There is no convincing evidence that advertising influences total consumption or has an impact on levels of alcohol abuse.
▪ Advertising does not seem to influence total consumption or levels of abuse.
▪ Individual items of laboratory equipment may seem minor power users, but as with lighting the total consumption may be large.
unfit
▪ Brown, fibrous bread is frequently perceived as a primitive food, unfit for human consumption.
unproductive
▪ That is to say that savings are a function of the rate of profit and unproductive consumption.
▪ To suggest that all unproductive consumption is solely capitalist personal consumption is to go beyond the bounds of credibility.
▪ Similarly, if the rate of unproductive consumption declines, then - cet. par. - accumulation increases.
▪ It was pointed out that if unproductive consumption is increased equilibrium may be maintained.
▪ The second aspect of contradiction within Bukharin's equations is that between accumulation and unproductive consumption.
▪ There are many instances of necessary unproductive consumption, both in the absolute and historically determined sense.
wine
▪ While wine consumption has dropped, demand for beer and spirits has shot up.
■ NOUN
alcohol
▪ During the Depression of the 1930s and the Second World War, alcohol consumption, understandably, fell significantly.
▪ Not having children or having them late in life doubles the risk, as does heavy alcohol consumption.
▪ What is the control theory approach to alcohol consumption?
▪ The relation between alcohol consumption and sickness absence will be reported elsewhere.
▪ This increase is presumably related to the increased alcohol consumption in the country.
▪ Unlike Chan etal, we found no significant relation between alcohol consumption and arterial P co 2.
▪ Increasingly attention is paid to the four lifestyle areas of smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise and diet.
▪ Since alcohol consumption may have varied with time, efforts were made to obtain estimates based on patient recall and chart review.
electricity
▪ Many savings apply to electricity consumption, whether for lighting, instruments and other equipment, for ventilation, and even heating.
energy
▪ This means that all energy consumption must be considered in the calculations, not just space heating.
▪ We will introduce new product labels, showing information such as energy consumption during use and the environmental impact of the production process.
▪ Within 18 months, they had reduced energy consumption by 30 percent.
▪ The overheating causes an increase in overall energy consumption of only 7 %.
▪ The council has managed to reduce its overall energy consumption by 16 percent since 1979.
food
▪ It has provided unique information on the pattern of food consumption and expenditure in Great Britain for fifty years.
▪ Per capita food consumption was sustained but not increased.
▪ The physicality of their food consumption, decidedly hands-on, and their mutually greedy looks say it all.
▪ Lastly, incomes rose and food consumption habits changed.
▪ Material also available on animal welfare, patterns of food consumption and grassland utilisation.
▪ In this and similar cases, the beneficiaries of reform may not have been enabled to increase food consumption.
▪ Diets and water were supplied ad libitum. Food consumption was recorded every 3 days and the animals were weighed weekly.
fuel
▪ However, I would like to minimise the fuel consumption damage.
▪ Just as fuel consumption grows disproportionately as speeds rise, so does the emission of air pollutants.
▪ Predicting fuel consumption and the effects of energy conservation practices has had only limited success.
▪ Reduce fuel consumption through a very high fuel-use tax 3.
▪ Budgeting Loans are repayable and are not available to help towards mains fuel consumption and standing charges.
▪ Given that pollution levels relate to fuel consumption, private cars and taxis are also the greatest polluters.
▪ Most animals increase their fuel consumption in proportion to the extra baggage they are carrying, but not the camel.
▪ This should result in cuts of up to 10 percent in fuel consumption.
goods
▪ Moreover, imbalances arose within the economy as a whole, in particular between consumption goods and capital goods.
▪ From the perspective of economic analysis, children are high-priced consumption goods that are rapidly becoming more expensive.
level
▪ One of the major factors inhibiting greater improvements in consumption levels is inflation, to which food prices become very vulnerable.
▪ In other words, imported goods and services help maintain consumption levels in the marketable sector.
▪ This will reduce the agricultural surplus compared to if consumption levels had not risen.
oil
▪ It would appear that the rocker cover is becoming pressurised and oil consumption is approximately one pint per 150-200 miles.
▪ Since 1973 oil consumption has decreased by some 40%.
▪ The main loss of oil consumption has been in heating and electricity generation.
▪ It was test-flown at Long Beach where the pilot, Don Dinoff, reported excessive oil consumption and a marginal engine.
▪ Reducing oil consumption in the heating and electricity generation sectors is straight forward in that other fuels may be substituted.
pattern
▪ Most commercial market research is concerned simply with measuring consumption patterns, and that requires far less accuracy than political research.
▪ Second, environmental problems were not caused by consumption patterns in the South but by the lifestyles of people in the North.
▪ The change in relative prices causes consumption patterns to alter.
▪ Once again substitution and income effects operate to give a change in the optimum consumption pattern.
▪ In terms of dietary needs and actual consumption patterns, they have a gathering economy supplemented by both hunting and horticulture.
▪ Like marketing, it classifies informants according to sociological classes combined with consumption patterns.
▪ It is no longer an appropriate model for a generation which has developed sophisticated and discriminating consumption patterns for other goods and services.
▪ It should be stressed that income is only one factor in determining consumption patterns, however.
power
▪ The rate of power consumption would be quite modest in such a postindustrial, steady-state society.
▪ It is therefore important to find a Martian water source that requires the least mass of equipment and the minimum power consumption.
▪ You have to trade off stability with power consumption.
▪ The present power consumption of Earth is 8, 500 gigawatts, equivalent to fusing 450 tons of helium-3 per year.
tax
▪ There had been a fall in private consumption in 1989 following the imposition of the unpopular consumption tax.
▪ Companies with large property holdings, like oil and gas corporations, want the consumption taxes because those represent tax breaks.
▪ The electorate took a dim view of this practice when the government used it to get the consumption tax through in December.
▪ Excise taxes Commodity or consumption taxes may take the form of sales taxes or excise taxes.
▪ Next April, the government is scheduled to increase the consumption tax from 3 percent to 5 percent.
▪ The consumption tax was introduced in 1989.
tobacco
▪ No one claims that advertising is the only determinant of tobacco consumption or smoking prevalence: to do so would be absurd.
▪ Advertising directed at reducing tobacco consumption by parents has a substantial secondary knock-on effect on children.
▪ They show that 100,000 unnecessary deaths a year are the result of tobacco consumption.
water
▪ It can detect sudden increases in water consumption, such as leaks.
▪ The same approach is now being used to control water consumption.
▪ One way to reduce domestic water consumption would be to reduce the use of water for flushing the toilet.
▪ This gives a target water consumption for the five occupants of the house of nearly 39 I / head / day.
▪ The final figures for the calculated water consumption of the autonomous house are shown in Table 5.9.
▪ The Powermiser should recover its cost in one quarter, depending on your hot water consumption.
▪ It also promised to cut energy and water consumption by 5 percent this year.
▪ On water consumption, the report warned that many countries were rapidly depleting non-renewable sources such as sealed aquifers.
■ VERB
cut
▪ In addition, government policies need to be believable; banning cigarette advertising would almost certainly cut consumption.
▪ The stockpile gains come as weakening demand for new housing and automobiles cuts consumption of copper just as mine production is increasing.
▪ A sustainable water supply would require a 32 percent cut in consumption.
▪ It also promised to cut energy and water consumption by 5 percent this year.
▪ Three-phase asynchronous drives and regenerative braking are expected to cut energy consumption by 40 %.
encourage
▪ Inflation encourages consumption, borrowing and speculation: it discourages saving, lending and investment.
▪ But Doumer built a refinery in Saigon, where a blend was concocted that burned quickly, and thus encouraged consumption.
▪ Survey calls time on fears Government concerns that the 1988 Licensing Act would encourage greater consumption of alcohol have been proved unfounded.
▪ High-risk behaviour is gaining ground everywhere, sometimes encouraged by the consumption of alcohol or drugs.
increase
▪ It was known that stimulation caused the heart to increase its oxygen consumption.
▪ Most animals increase their fuel consumption in proportion to the extra baggage they are carrying, but not the camel.
▪ In this and similar cases, the beneficiaries of reform may not have been enabled to increase food consumption.
▪ They will also increase fuel consumption and the level of undesirable emissions from the exhaust.
▪ This will increase disposable income so that consumption spending will rise at every level of national income.
▪ The pulp and paper industry says this agreement could increase forest product consumption by 3-4 per cent globally.
▪ It's also worth remembering that air conditioning increases fuel consumption by as much as ten per cent.
▪ Next April, the government is scheduled to increase the consumption tax from 3 percent to 5 percent.
reduce
▪ An equal opportunity policy, reducing a, would, for given earnings inequality, reduce the inequality of consumption.
▪ Another tactic to reduce consumption has to do with sipping.
▪ Another way to reduce the consumption of strategic metals is to design components to better tolerances, perhaps with computerised techniques.
▪ The intended result of such treatment is to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption by producing a negative response to alcohol.
▪ One way to reduce domestic water consumption would be to reduce the use of water for flushing the toilet.
▪ Within 18 months, they had reduced energy consumption by 30 percent.
▪ We had reduced our consumption of saturated fats, sugar, salt and alcohol.
▪ Controlling carbon dioxide emissions ultimately entails reducing the consumption of energy-intensive goods.
rise
▪ Lastly, incomes rose and food consumption habits changed.
show
▪ Official figures show that private consumption under Sandinista rule has fallen by 70 percent.
▪ We will introduce new product labels, showing information such as energy consumption during use and the environmental impact of the production process.
▪ Several other recent studies have shown that moderate consumption of red wine, in particular, is helpful for preventing heart disease.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪ an increase in the consumption of electrical products
▪ declining consumption of coal, oil and gas
▪ Dr. Boxhall said I should cut down on my alcohol consumption.
▪ Fuel consumption is predicted to rise.
▪ Most people are aware of the need to reduce energy consumption.
▪ The "Five-a-Day" promotion is meant to increase the consumption of fresh produce.
▪ The government is urging people to reduce their water consumption.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪ By January 1941 a Central Statistical Office was turning out regular reports on production figures, inflation, consumption and manpower resources.
▪ Cyclical variations in consumption, investment and national income following an increase in autonomous investment - explosive case.
▪ In 1980, the per capita consumption in the United States was 18 pounds of cheese of which one-third was cottage cheese.
▪ Others factors can be, such as obesity, high alcohol consumption and lack of exercise.
▪ Several other recent studies have shown that moderate consumption of red wine, in particular, is helpful for preventing heart disease.
▪ The plan aims to reward saving and tax consumption.