What is "sultan"

Sultan \Sul"tan\, n. [F. sultan (cf. Sp. soldan, It. sultano, soldano), Ar. sult[=a]n sultan, dominion. Cf. Soldan.] A ruler, or sovereign, of a Mohammedan state; specifically, the ruler of the Turks; the Padishah, or Grand Seignior; -- officially so called.

Sultan flower. (Bot.) See Sweet sultan, under Sweet.

1550s, from Middle French sultan "ruler of Turkey" (16c.), ultimately from Arabic sultan "ruler, prince, monarch, king, queen," originally "power, dominion." According to Klein's sources, this is from Aramaic shultana "power," from shelet "have power." Earlier English word was soldan, soudan (c.1300), used indiscriminately of Muslim rulers and sovereigns, from Old French souldan, soudan, from Medieval Latin sultanus. Related: Sultanic.

n. 1 Originally, a secular office, formally subordinate to -, but de facto the power behind the throne of the (theoretically universal) caliph. 2 A hereditary ruler in various Muslim states (sultanate), varying from petty principalities (as in Indonesia and in Yemen), often vassal of a greater ruler, to independent realms, such as Oman, Brunei, or an empire such as the Turkish Ottoman Empire. 3 (context card games English) A variant of solitaire, played with two decks of cards. 4 A breed of chicken originating in Turkey, kept primarily in gardens for ornamental reasons. See: (w: sultan (chicken))

n. the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire) [syn: grand Turk]

Sultan (; , ) is a noble title with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun , meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e., the lack of dependence on any higher ruler), albeit without claiming the overall caliphate, or to refer to a powerful governor of a province within the caliphate.

The dynasty and lands ruled by a sultan are referred to as a sultanate ( ).

A feminine form of sultan, used by Westerners, is sultana or sultanah; but Turkish and Ottoman Turkish uses "Sultan" for all women, because Turkish grammar uses the same words for women and men. However, this styling misconstrues the roles of wives of sultans. In a similar usage, the wife of a German field marshal might be styled Frau Feldmarschall (in French, similar constructions of the type madame la maréchale are quite common). The rare female leaders in Muslim history are correctly known as "sultanas". However, the wife of the sultan in the Sultanate of Sulu is styled as the "panguian" and sultan's chief wife in many sultanate in Indonesia and Malaysia is known as "permaisuri". Special case in Brunei, the Queen Consort is known as Pengiran Isteri with suffix Pengiran Anak if the queen consort is a royal princess.

Among those modern hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law, the term is gradually being replaced by king (i.e. malik in Arabic) and Datu in Maranao.

Sultan was a British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse and a leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland for six successive seasons.

Sultan is an Islamic title of authority.

Sultan may also refer to:

Sultan is a 2008 Malayalam movie directed by Sreeprakash. Vinu Mohan and Varada plays the lead roles in this film.

Sultan is a common title, which is often used as a name in several cultures.

Sultan is a 1999 Telugu action film directed by Sarath and produced by M. R. V. Prasad on P. B. R. Art Productions. The film stars Nandamuri Balakrishna, Krishnam Raju, Krishna, Roja and Rachana in the lead roles and music composed by Koti. The film was later remade into Hindi as Sultaan with Mithun Chakraborty.

Soultouane Benjadid better known as Sultan (earlier Sultan du Holster), (born 24 April 1987) is a French hip hop artist and rapper originating from the Comoros. Prior to becoming a solo artist, he was part of the hip hop duo Holster with Ibrahim (I.B.R.).

Sultan (or Sultan of Turkey) is a solitaire card game, meaning it is played only by one person. However, this game uses two packs of playing cards. Nine cards are laid out like this at the beginning of the game:

K ♦

A ♥

K ♦

K ♠

K ♥

K ♠

K ♣

K ♥

K ♣

These cards make up the foundations and will be built up by suit in order. On the single foundation with an Ace, the A♥ foundation, the next cards will be 2♥, 3♥, and so on. On the seven kings, the order is Ace, 2, 3, etc., of the appropriate suits. Throughout the game, the only card which you cannot place other cards on is the K♥ (the Sultan) in the center location.

Six cards (or eight in some versions) from the deck are placed, face up, around the foundations; these make up the reserve.

The player then makes one of three moves:

• Taking the top card from the face-down deck and placing it in the face-up waste pile.
• Taking the top card from the waste and adding it to one of the eight (outer) foundations.
• Moving a card from the reserve onto one of the eight (outer) foundations, and then replacing it with the next card from the deck.

The goal is to end the game with the Sultan (King of Hearts) surrounded by his "Queens".

When there are no more cards in the face-down deck, the player may re-deal (shuffle the waste and place them face-down, creating a new deck), but may only do this twice per game. After the player has run through the deck three times, or when all the cards are on the foundations, then the game is over.

Sultan, one of the brightest of the early chimpanzees used for psychological research, was tested by Gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Köhler. Sultan is particularly recognized for his insight in solving numerous problems, including stacking or manipulating boxes to reach a reward and use of two sticks as a unit to rake food to a reachable distance.

While other Chimpanzees in Köhler's study were also quite adept at problemsolving—namely, obtaining an out-of-reach fruit suspended above a playground or perched just beyond arm's reach outside the bars of a cage—Sultan proved to be peculiarly advanced. He and his peers were also known to stack crates to reach the fruit, and even scramble up a hastily balanced stick to grab the banana before falling back down.

Chimpanzees helped Köhler to prove that animals are capable of learning beyond simple trial and error, and that, given the right conditions, many species—particularly the more "human" species of primates—will demonstrate a deeper understanding of the constituents of a problem. For example, several chimpanzees who had proven capable of reaching the banana via a stack of crates found that in a crateless room, a table or chair worked to meet the same end.

Sultan is a 2016 Indian romantic sports- drama film directed by Ali Abbas Zafar. Produced by Aditya Chopra under the Yash Raj Films banner, the film stars Salman Khan as the title character opposite Anushka Sharma. The film focuses on Sultan Ali Khan, a wrestling champion from Haryana whose successful career creates a rift in his personal life.

The film was released worldwide on 6th July 2016 and grossed approximately 584 crore worldwide and became the fourth highest grossing Indian film of all time.