Crossword clues for retrovirus
Douglas Harper's Etymology Dictionary
Wiktionary
n. (context virology English) A virus that has a genome consisting of RNA.
WordNet
n. any of a group of viruses that contain two single-strand linear RNA molecules per virion and reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA)
Wikipedia
Retroviridae is a family of enveloped viruses that replicate in a host cell through the process of reverse transcription. A retrovirus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with a DNA intermediate and, as an obligate parasite, targets a host cell. Once inside the host cell cytoplasm, the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome — the reverse of the usual pattern, thus retro (backwards). This new DNA is then incorporated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme, at which point the retroviral DNA is referred to as a provirus. The host cell then treats the viral DNA as part of its own genome, translating and transcribing the viral genes along with the cell's own genes, producing the proteins required to assemble new copies of the virus. It is difficult to detect the virus until it has infected the host. At that point, the infection will persist indefinitely.
In most viruses, DNA is transcribed into RNA, and then RNA is translated into protein. However, retroviruses function differently – their RNA is reverse-transcribed into DNA, which is integrated into the host cell's genome (when it becomes a provirus), and then undergoes the usual transcription and translational processes to express the genes carried by the virus. So, the information contained in a retroviral gene is used to generate the corresponding protein via the sequence: RNA → DNA → RNA → polypeptide. This extends the fundamental process identified by Francis Crick (one gene-one peptide) in which the sequence is: DNA → RNA → peptide (proteins are made of one or more polypeptide chain; e.g. haemoglobin is a four-chain peptide).
Retroviruses are valuable research tools in molecular biology, and have been used successfully in gene delivery systems.
Usage examples of "retrovirus".
The eyes of every viewer panicked by retrovirus homophobic hysteria would be glued to the set, ready to see if the Democrats would endorse the pollution of their bodily fluids by lurking sodomites and junkies drooling contamination from every orifice.
McClintock and Temin and Baltimore, among many others, proved the Central Dogma to be wrong, demonstrating that genes can produce products that insert copies of themselves, that retroviruses can write themselves to DNA as proviruses and stay there for many millions of years.
Retroviruses like HIV in particular seem closely related to retrotransposons and ERV in the cells of many organisms.
Caroline Lampert, all of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the article reportedly concerns a radical new approach to attacking carcinomas through genetically engineered retroviruses.
The origin of most human cancers, the experts contended, would prove to be retroviruses as well, and hundreds of millions of dollars were poured into research to prove this assumption.
Erasmus has convinced me that the current strain of the retrovirus is sufficiently deadly for our purposes, though it kills only forty-three percent of the humans who are exposed.
Caroline had been working on how the envelope proteins of retroviruses fit with receptor sites.
There're going to be many sleepless engineers earning their overtime checksumming the operating system files for signs of retrovirus in fection.
Let's not confuse our ERV with someone else's ERV—equine rhinovirus, for example, or ecotropic recombinant retrovirus, or, something we've all experienced in these sessions, a sudden loss of expiratory reserve volume.
When that part of the host chromosome comes to be transcribed, the cell's protein-manufacturing machinery makes a new retrovirus, which leaves by budding off through the cell membrane.
Her fingers pushed the pen over the paper almost without conscious thought, sketching a series of open reading frames on chromosomes 18 and 20 that might bear a relation to the SHEVA genes, previously identified as possible HERVs but turning out not to have the defining characteristics of retrovirus fragments.
They have confirmed the existence of the first viable human endogenous retrovirus.
Some human endogenous retroviruses are closely related to HIV, which goes after our immune systems with a vengeance.
She aligned herself with a biological-weapons project solely because this was the only way to obtain the high level of funding needed to realize her design for a gene splicing retrovirus, which she believed could be used to cure many illnesses and inherited disorder snot least of all, my XP.
She had spent much of her career studying lysogenic phages in bacteria and retroviruses in apes and humans.