What is "ramdac"

Random Access Memory Digital-to-Analog Converter (RAMDAC) is a combination of three fast DACs with a small SRAM used in computer graphics display controllers to store the color palette and to generate the analog signals (usually a voltage amplitude) to drive a color monitor. The logical color number from the display memory is fed into the address inputs of the SRAM to select a palette entry to appear on the data output of the SRAM. This entry is composed of three separate values corresponding to the three components (red, green, and blue) of the desired physical color. Each component value is fed to a separate DAC, whose analog output goes to the monitor, and ultimately to one of its three electron guns (or equivalent in non- CRT displays).

As the use of DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort and other digital interface technology becomes increasingly mainstream, the "DAC" portion of the RAMDAC will likely become obsolete. The video data is transferred digitally (via TMDS or LVDS) and no digital-to-analog conversion takes place until the actual display pixels are actuated.

DAC word lengths range usually from 6 to 10 bits. The SRAM's word length is three times the DAC's word length. The SRAM acts as a color lookup table (CLUT). It usually has 256 entries (and thus an 8-bit address). If the DAC's word length is also 8 bits, we have a 256 x 24-bit SRAM which allows a selection of 256 out of 16777216 (16,7 million) possible colors for the display. The contents of this SRAM can be altered when no pixel needs to be generated for transmission to the display. A synchronization pulse is required to maintain vertical picture stability. Therefore, a vertical blanking pulse is generated for every frame. This vertical blanking pulse is not visible on the display, nor is any pixel sent. Therefore, the D/A is idle and can allow the user to modify the SRAM color lookup table.

The SRAM can usually be bypassed and the DACs can be fed directly by display data, for Truecolor modes. In fact this has become very much the normal mode of operation of a RAMDAC since the mid-1990s, so the programmable palette is mostly retained only as a legacy feature to ensure compatibility with old software. In many newer graphics cards, the RAMDAC can be clocked much faster in true color modes, when only the DAC part without the SRAM is used.

For a quick estimation on the pixel clock for a given output, you can do:

horizontal pixels x vertical lines x 1.4 (for blankings) x refresh rate (based on VESA's GTF calculation sheet)

Usually the RAMDAC rating has to be (quite a bit) better than the pixel clock to produce sharp edges.

As of 2006, the DAC of a modern graphics card runs at a clock rate of 400 MHz. However, video cards based on the XGI Volari XP10 run at 420 MHz DAC. The highest documented DAC frequency ever achieved on a production video card for the PC platform is 550 MHz, set by BarcoMed 5MP2 Aura 76Hz by Barco.