adjective
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
a chronic condition (=continuing for a long time and not possible to cure)
▪ People with chronic medical conditions need long-term care.
a chronic disease (=continuing for a long time and not possible to cure)
▪ Chronic disease is sometimes seen as an inevitable part of being old.
a chronic shortage (=very bad and existing for a long time)
▪ There is a chronic shortage of housing in rural areas.
a habitual/chronic/inveterate liarformal (= who lies a lot)
▪ Drug users are often habitual liars trying to cover up their addiction.
chronic fatigue syndrome
chronic pain (=pain that you suffer from for long periods of time)
▪ Many of the elderly patients suffer chronic pain.
chronic (=that lasts a long time, and cannot be cured)
▪ Diabetes is an example of a chronic illness.
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ NOUN
alcoholic
▪ The sleep patterns of chronic alcoholics are usually quite abnormal.
▪ Even after chronic alcoholics give up booze, their sleep problems may not end.
bronchitis
▪ The man had a history of chronic bronchitis.
▪ Proponents say the changes will prevent 8,300 premature deaths each year-5,500 cases of chronic bronchitis and 360,000 asthma attacks.
▪ Ten percent of Krakow's children suffer from chronic bronchitis.
▪ For chronic bronchitis, 20 times.
▪ At times this was very difficult for him because he had chronic bronchitis and therefore coughed a great deal.
condition
▪ It is known, rather alarmingly, as a chronic condition.
▪ If you have a chronic condition that has made it difficult to exercise, this may be the ticket.
▪ Despite the increased difficulties, trials have been carried out on the effects of homoeopathy in a chronic condition - rheumatoid arthritis.
▪ The study predicts the biggest health problems of the next 25 years to be those chronic conditions which largely affect the elderly.
▪ No data exist for outcome of the untreated chronic condition followed for more than five years.
▪ People need to look at it as a chronic condition, much as we look at high blood pressure.
▪ But there are chronic conditions which mean longer stays.
▪ In addition, these meals provide almost no fiber, important for preventing many chronic conditions from cancer to constipation.
constipation
▪ The rich eat too much meat and suffer from chronic constipation, diseases of the bowel, gout, and bladder stones.
▪ Indeed, his only problem seems to have been chronic constipation.
▪ We found that chronic constipation in young children can persist for many years.
▪ Symptoms of chronic constipation persisted in one third of our patients, 3-12 years after initial evaluation and treatment.
▪ This risk is particularly important in view of the wide abuse of self administered laxatives for chronic constipation.
▪ By contrast, in patients with chronic constipation fasting transit of marker was not recorded.
▪ Patients with idiopathic chronic constipation have a decreased number and duration of giant migrating complexes than healthy controls.
▪ For many patients with severe chronic constipation no cause can be found, hence the condition is labelled as idiopathic.
diarrhoea
▪ Children who are malnourished with chronic diarrhoea have defective gastric acid secretion.
▪ Cryptosporidium is a cause of chronic diarrhoea and a proximal small intestinal mucosal enteropathy in children without immune deficiency.
▪ Twenty eight patients with chronic diarrhoea were included in the study.
▪ They include poor growth, recurrent chest infections, chronic diarrhoea and skin infections.
▪ Screening for the parasite should be part of the investigative procedures in children with chronic diarrhoea.
▪ Twenty nine percent of cases had a mixed infection, and chronic diarrhoea was more frequent in these patients.
▪ Indeed, chronic diarrhoea has been an infrequently reported finding in studies of immunocompetent children with Cryptosporidium.
▪ We have previously reported two cases associated with chronic diarrhoea, failure to thrive and a proximal small intestinal enteropathy.
disease
▪ Certainly such pressures and demands point to the need to make both prevention and treatment of chronic diseases a priority.
▪ The women featured in the article are reducing their risk of chronic disease by exercising and by eating a balanced diet.
▪ Eventually the recovery becomes incomplete and we can see the gradual emergence of chronic disease.
▪ With chronic diseases, in particular, it is important to have a good prevalence measure.
▪ Plainly not everyone has to be subject to chronic disease.
▪ For a deeper cure this can be followed up with the constitutional remedy. 12 Can homoeopathy help with chronic disease?
▪ The poor die young - before they can contract the chronic diseases that dearly cost national health schemes.
fatigue
▪ Survivors still complain of ailments ranging from breathlessness, chronic fatigue and stomach pain to cardiac problems and tuberculosis.
▪ In fact, very little about chronic fatigue syndrome has achieved medical consensus, not even the name.
gastritis
▪ After eradication of H pylori, duodenal ulcers do not usually recur and the associated chronic gastritis gradually disappears.
▪ Histological examination of these areas at this time confirmed a chronic gastritis and atrophic gastric mucosa.
▪ The prevalence of active chronic gastritis and subsequent gastric atrophy increases with age.
▪ All infected subjects had active chronic gastritis on histological examination.
▪ Perhaps additional factors such as alcoholism, chronic gastritis, and chronic use of drugs are responsible in some cases.
health
▪ However, it is clear that chronic health problems appear to increase with age.
▪ In considering patterns of morbidity both within and between populations it is usual to distinguish between acute and chronic health problems.
▪ Seven out of 10 people don't have enough food, leading to more disease and other chronic health problems.
▪ Both estimates suggest a significant increase in the numbers of elderly with chronic health problems in the early decades of next century.
▪ The morbidity data presented demonstrated higher prevalence of chronic health problems among women as compared with men.
▪ How well does older people's overall rating of their health status compare with the prevalence of acute and chronic health problems?
hepatitis
▪ It has been repeatedly reported that smooth muscle antibodies of autoimmune chronic hepatitis are directed to cell actin.
▪ Both reactivities are in fact uncommon in autoimmune chronic hepatitis.
▪ The mechanism responsible for secretion or intracellular retention of pre-S peptides in chronic hepatitis B virus infection is uncertain.
▪ Over half the patients who acquire acute hepatitis C virus infection develop chronic hepatitis.
▪ Patients with chronic hepatitis C should be counselled in the light of our current understanding.
▪ Of particular interest is the relationship between autoimmune chronic hepatitis and hepatitis C virus infection.
▪ Indeed, chronic hepatitis C accounts for many adults referred for liver transplantation.
▪ The association between chronic hepatitis C virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma has been described, although the exact oncogenic mechanism is unknown.
illness
▪ Such elders may have given positive meaning to experiences of anxiety, poverty, chronic illness, multiple losses and death.
▪ You can need long-term care because of a disabling accident or a chronic illness.
▪ Older people can quickly become dispirited and depressed by chronic illness.
▪ Difficulty adapting to a chronic illness 2.
▪ The events of the last year had left her mentally drained while she was physically exhausted because of her chronic illness.
▪ Marijuana is said to alleviate painful side effects of treatment for some chronic illnesses.
▪ They must remember that anorexia nervosa is often a chronic illness.
▪ Healthy people can contract necrotizing fasciitis, but people with chronic illnesses or open wounds are more susceptible.
infection
▪ Other groups with possible relative deficiency would be those with malabsorption and acute or chronic infection.
▪ Examples include patients with chronic infections, inflammation, malignancies, and liver disease.
▪ Many of these diseases take the form of persistent or chronic infections.
▪ Mild hypercalcemia has been reported in chronic infections such as tuberculosis and some fungal diseases.
▪ There were no IgA antibodies to Giardia heat shock antigen, however, in any of these children with chronic infection.
▪ In addition, these patients with chronic infection unlike those who clear the infection have no IgA response to Giardia heat shock antigen.
▪ Little is known of the fundamental aspects of the immunology of chronic infection versus acute infection in giardiasis.
▪ Hypogammaglobulinemia and depressed IgG to surface antigens of Giardia have been suggested as factors contributing to chronic infection.
inflammation
▪ Again, biopsies showed only chronic inflammation.
▪ This was characterised by moderate active chronic inflammation in the lamina propria.
▪ Biopsies of the pouches of all these patients were reported as showing active chronic inflammation.
▪ Biopsies showed chronic inflammation but no evidence of malignancy.
▪ Doctors call this reaction chronic inflammation to distinguish it from the immediate, acute reaction or injury or allergy.
liver
▪ Splenomegaly, ascites, and extrahepatic symptoms of chronic liver disease were notably absent.
▪ Discussion Portal hypertension usually complicates the evolution of chronic liver diseases.
▪ This caution can not be overstated in light of the decreased glomerular filtration often present in chronic liver failure.
▪ As controls, cryptogenic cases of chronic liver disease - that is without ANA-H or SMA-AA, were similarly studied.
▪ The diagnosis of chronic liver disease was made by accepted clinical, serological and histological criteria.
▪ They may be appropriate, however, in patients where the history or examination points to systemic disease such as chronic liver disease.
pain
▪ They paint a dismal picture for patients suffering from chronic pain.
▪ Patients with muscle-contraction headaches often report chronic pain of long duration.
▪ Physiological addiction may occur after repeated use of analgesics for relief from chronic pain.
▪ Ones that enhance the serotonin effects are often helpful in chronic pain disorders.
▪ These drugs have proved effective in other chronic pain syndromes.
▪ Supporters called it an effort to help the ill obtain marijuana to relieve nausea, chronic pain and other maladies.
▪ It is useful to distinguish acute from chronic pain.
▪ Replace it with a picture of an elderly woman in a wheelchair desiring relief from chronic pain.
pancreatitis
▪ Unfortunately, acute and chronic pancreatitis could not be separated in the discharge statistics before 1977.
▪ According to international multicentre surveys by the Sarles' group, chronic pancreatitis has been found predominantly in two types of countries.
▪ More recent population based studies from the Copenhagen area in the early and late 1970s showed 7-10/100000 incidence of chronic pancreatitis.
▪ Approximately 80% of chronic pancreatitis discharges were men.
▪ A patient with chronic pancreatitis is described in whom thrombosis of a splenic artery pseudoaneurysm occurred.
▪ This finding challenges the notion that carbohydrate malabsorption is uncommon in patients with chronic pancreatitis.
▪ We report on a case of thrombosis of a splenic artery pseudoaneurysm complicating chronic pancreatitis.
▪ Discussion Arterial pseudoaneurysms are not uncommon with acute or, more often, chronic pancreatitis especially when pseudocysts are present.
problem
▪ Parents needed to be reassured that, although it is a significant chronic problem, it is not life threatening.
▪ Cost overruns for overtime for both the police and fire departments has been a chronic problem for years.
▪ It brought to light chronic problems with staff and aging equipment.
▪ Tardiness, once a chronic problem, has abated.
shortage
▪ One reason may be the chronic shortage of funds that requires many rural schools to make up their budgets by irregular means.
▪ This religious ban compounded the chronic shortage of grazing land.
▪ Increasingly widespread use probably accentuated a chronic shortage of coin.
▪ The chronic shortage of currency for the acquisition of contemporary foreign publications has been cited as justification.
▪ But still there was a chronic shortage of trained crews.
▪ Meanwhile, there is a chronic shortage of funds.
▪ Why did this chronic shortage of rural council housing persist?
sickness
▪ Let us turn now to the relationship between the chronic sickness and mortality rates.
▪ Worst of all was the high incidence of epidemics, chronic sickness, and malnutrition.
unemployment
▪ Even the least sophisticated found it easy to blame the chronic unemployment which afflicted Britain on the war.
▪ The depression of the late 1920s and chronic unemployment appeared to confirm Malthusian pessimism.
▪ But it remains to be seen whether this will exacerbate chronic unemployment or solve it.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪ chronic unemployment
▪ California is trying to cope with chronic water shortages.
▪ China has a chronic shortage of capital, so it must encourage saving.
▪ He suffers from chronic asthma.
▪ Steen suffers from chronic high blood pressure.
▪ the chronic decay of the inner city areas
▪ We need to take steps to counter the chronic decline in our export market.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪ Her injuries have left her with chronic migraine headaches, seizures, insomnia, nausea and short-term memory loss.
▪ In the chronic disease eggs are present and L3 can be identified following faecal culture.
▪ In women, chronic use of alcohol reduces vaginal response, and it can cause irregular menstruation and induce premature menopause.
▪ It brought to light chronic problems with staff and aging equipment.
▪ No data exist for outcome of the untreated chronic condition followed for more than five years.
▪ Older people can quickly become dispirited and depressed by chronic illness.
▪ Some of these patients benefit from referral to a chronic pain center.